Steady state heat

conduction
Heat Transfer

A background in ODE

Important analogies between heat,
mass, and momentum transfer

Heat transfer is the science that seeks
to predict energy transfer that may
take place between material bodies as
a result of a temperature difference.
The science of heat transfer seeks
to predict the rate at which the heat
exchange will take place under
certain specified conditions.

Thus, heat transfer rate is the
desired objective
Difference between Heat Transfer
and Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics deals with the systems in
equilibrium.

Heat transfer predicts how fast change of a
system from one state to another will take
place.

Heat transfer supplements First and Second
Laws of Thermodynamics with additional
experimental rules.
Consider the cooling of a hot steel
bar placed in a jar full of water __

Thermodynamics may be used to predict
the final equilibrium temperature of the
steel bar water combination.

Thermodynamics will not tell us how long
it takes to reach this equilibrium
condition, or what the temperature of
the bar will e after a certain length of
time before equilibrium is achieved.
The three modes of heat transfer are:

Conduction,

convection,

and radiation.
x
T
A
q
c
c

x
T
kA q
c
c
=
Conduction heat transfer:
When a temperature gradient exists in a
body, there is an energy transfer from the
high-temperature region to the low-
temperature region.
The heat transfer rate per unit area is
proportional to the normal temperature
gradient,


Here, q is the heat transfer rate
and

is temperature gradient in the
direction of heat flow.

k is a positive constant, called
thermal conductivity of the
material, W/m/
O
C

x
T
c
c
Three-dimensional analysis:
Heat conduction in and out of a unit volume in all three
directions: Energy balance
Total heat conducted in to the system+ the heat
generated within the system= the total heat
conducted out of the system+ the change in
internal energy of the system





t c
c
+ + + = + + +
+ + +
E
q q q q q q q
dz z dy y dx x gen z y x
x
T
kdydz q
x
c
c
=
dydz dx
x
T
k
x x
T
k q
dx x
(

|
.
|

\
|
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
=
+

Cartesian Coordinates:
y
T
kdxdz q
y
c
c
=
dxdz dy
y
T
k
y y
T
k q
dy y (

|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
=
+
z
T
kdxdy q
z
c
c
=
dxdy dz
z
T
k
z z
T
k q
dz z
(

|
.
|

\
|
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
=
+


dxdydz q q
gen

=
t

t c
c
=
T
Cdxdydz
d
dE
t

c
c
= +
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
c
c
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
c
c
+
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
c
c T
C q
z
T
k
z y
T
k
y x
T
k
x



Substituting the above all in the energy balance equation
t o c
c
= +
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c T
k
q
z
T
y
T
x
T 1
2
2
2
2
2
2

C
k

o =
For constant thermal conductivity,



Here,

is thermal diffusivity.

Special Cases:

Steady state one-dimensional heat flow (no heat generation)

0
2
2
=
c
c
x
T
(1.4)
Two-dimensional steady state conduction without heat
sources
(1.7)

0
2
2
2
2
=
c
c
+
c
c
y
T
x
T
Steady state one-dimensional heat flow with heat sources

(1.6)

0
2
2
= +
c
c
k
q
x
T

Steady state one-dimensional heat flow in
cylindrical coordinates

0
1
2
2
= +
c
c
dr
dT
r r
T
(1.5)
Thermal conductivity

The Mechanism of Thermal Conductivity in a
Gas

We identify the kinetic energy of a molecule with
its temperature. Thus, in a high-temperature
region, the molecules have higher velocities than
in some lower temperature region. The
molecules are in continuous random motion,
colliding with one another and exchanging
energy and momentum.
The molecules have this random
motion whether or not a temperature
gradient exists in a gas. If a molecule
moves from a high-temperature region
to a low-temperature region, it
transports the kinetic energy to the
lower temperature part of the system
and gives up this energy thru
collisions with lower-energy molecules.
In general, thermal conductivity is
strongly temperature-dependent.

The numerical value of thermal
conductivity indicates how fast heat will
flow in a given material.

The faster the molecules move, the
faster they will transport energy.
Therefore, the thermal conductivity of a
gas depends on temperature.


Thermal conductivity, k, of a gas varies as
T k





where T is absolute temperature. For most
gases at moderate pressures, k is a function
of temperature alone.
Thermal energy may be conducted in
solids by two modes:
Lattice vibrations, and

Transport by free electrons.

In good electric conductors, a large number
of free electrons move about in the lattice of
material. These electrons also carry thermal
energy from a high-temperature region to a
low-temperature region. These electrons are
thus referred to as electron gas.
Energy may also be transported as
vibrational energy in the lattice
structure of a material. But this
component is usually smaller than
electron transport.

Thus, good electrical conductors are
almost always good heat conductors.
Thermal conductivity at 0
O
C

Copper (pure) 385 W/m
O
C
Diamond 2300
Sawdust 0.059
Glass wool 0.038
Window glass 0.78
Ice 2.22
Hg 8.21
Water 0.556
Air 0.024

Steady state one-dimensional heat flow (no heat generation)

0
2
2
=
c
c
x
T
Integrating once

dT/dx = C
1 >>>>>
eqn. 1


Integrating again
T = C
1
* x + C
2 >>>>>>>
eqn. 2


Applying Boundry condtions x=0 , T=T1 and x=L , T=T2

C
2
= T
1
and C
1
= (T
2
-T
1
)/L

Q = - KA dT/dx = K A ( T
1
-T
2
)/L

or Q = ( T
1
-T
2
)/ ( L/ KA)


1-Dimensional Heat Conduction
20
A flat wall is exposed to the environment
temperature of 27C. The wall is covered with two
layers of insulation of 2.5 mm thickness each
whose thermal conductivities are 1.4 and 1.7 W/m-
K respectively. The wall loses heat to the
environment by convection. Compute the value of
the convection heat transfer coefficient which must
be maintained on the outer surface of the insulation
to ensure that the outer surface temperature does
not exceed 41C. The innermost surface is
maintained at a temp of 70C.