Structures and MaAterials (Lecture 2)

The University of Nottingham, School of Civil Engineering
Structures and Materials 1 (H21SM1)

by B.S. Choo & D.J.Ridley-Ellis
Page No. 1
Coverage
Revisit pin and rigid connections
Look at support conditions
Review equilibrium
Introduce static determinacy
External
Internal
Analysis of pin jointed trusses
Method of joints
Method of sections
(Tension coefficient method)
(Graphical method)
Example problems
Static determinacy

Lecture 2 Pin jointed structures
Page No. 2
uz = 0
A x = Ay = 0
Pin connections
Simple representation
of above pin joint
x
y
z
Mathematical description
of degrees of freedom
The end of the beam, where it is attached to the column
can rotate, but it is fixed in position it cant move
upwards, downwards or sideways
Page No. 3
Rigid connections
Simple representation
of above rigid joint
x
y
z
A x = Ay = 0
uz = 0
Mathematical description
of degrees of freedom
The end of the beam, where it is attached to the column
cant rotate, and it cant move upwards, downwards or
sideways.
Page No. 4
Support conditions for a beam
Pinned supports transfer forces, but not moments
Load
Pin
Pin
The simplest support condition for a beam is to have a
pinned support at each end. In order to avoid extra forces
due to changes in length, we can to make one support a
roller bearing. this is called a simply supported beam.
Load
Pin
Pin + roller
Plan view
Page No. 5
Support conditions for a beam
Rigid (or encastr) supports transmit forces and moments
Load
Encastr
A beam with an encastr support at each end is known as a
fixed end beam. A beam supported at one end only (this
must be an encastr support) is known as a cantilever.
Plan view
Fixed end beam
Cantilever
Note that
Encastr
Page No. 6
Equilibrium
Free body diagram
P P
P P
Externally applied
axial force
Free body Free body
Internal forces in equilibrium with external force P
But note that a long, thin (slender) member in compression
may buckle.
Page No. 7
Equilibrium
In structures, we normally study bodies at rest statics

Consider a particle subject to two forces
F
1
F
2
F
1
F
2
R

The two forces are equivalent to a single force R. If the
same particle is subject to a third force R
1
that is equal
and opposite to R then it is in equilibrium at rest.
F
1
F
2
R
1
Page No. 8
Equilibrium
In a 3-dimensional world there are 6 equations of equilibrium
x
y
z
F
y
F
x
F
z
M
z
M
y
M
x
Resolve forces in the directions of the three Cartesian axes
Resolve moments about the three Cartesian axes
M

M

Rather than more usual to draw
Page No. 9
Equilibrium
x
y
F
y
F
x
In a 2-dimensional, or plane system, world there are 3
equations of equilibrium.
z
M
z
EF
x
= 0
EF
y
= 0
EM
z
= 0

Load
Pin
Pin + roller
R
A,Horiz
R
A,Vert
R
B,Vert
If there are 3 unknown reactions, we have enough equations
to calculate them using equilibrium.
A
B
Page No. 10
Static determinacy for reactions
If the number of unknown reactions is less than, or equal to,
the number of equilibrium equations we have available, the
problem is said to be externally statically determinate. We
can use equilibrium to calculate the reactions.

If the number of unknown reactions is more than the
number of equilibrium equations we have available, the
problem is said to be externally statically indeterminate or
externally hyperstatic. We cant use equilibrium alone to
calculate the reactions.

3 unknown reactions
Externally statically determinate
3 unknown reactions
Page No. 11
4 unknown reactions
Externally statically indeterminate
3 unknown reactions
5 unknown reactions
3 unknown reactions
25 kN
Page No. 12
4 unknown reactions
3 unknown reactions
because there are only 2 useful equations of equilibrium
Page No. 13
3 unknown reactions
3 unknown reactions
3 unknown reactions
Page No. 14
Pin jointed trusses
Made from members connected together with pin joints.
Based on triangles.
If forces are applied at the joints (nodes) the members are
under axial forces only (if they are straight).
Examples:

A Warren truss

A Howe truss

A Pratt truss

Page No. 15
Pin jointed trusses
How many unknowns?
4 reaction forces
3 member forces
Externally statically
indeterminate
but if we knew the reactions we could calculate the
member forces from equilibrium at the nodes.
The structure is internally statically determinate.
The triangular shape allows pin
jointed trusses to take the load.
This structure would fall over
under the applied force. Such a
structure is known as a
mechanism.
Page No. 16
Internal static determinacy
In a 2D truss with M members, there are M unknown
member forces.
If there are J connections, we can resolve forces
horizontally and vertically at each (no moments) giving 2J
equations.
However, 3 equations are required to satisfy the conditions
of global equilibrium.
EF
x
= 0 EF
y
= 0 EM
z
= 0

So if M = 2J - 3 we can find the member forces using
equilibrium the structure is internally statically
determinate.

In a 3D truss (a space truss), there are 3 equations per
joint and 6 equations for global equilibrium.
So if M= 3J - 6 the structure is internally statically
determinate

Page No. 17
Internal static determinacy
M = 3, J = 3 3 = 6 3
Internally statically determinate
M = 3, J = 3 3 = 6 3
M = 15, J = 9
15 = 18 - 3
M = 27, J = 14
27 > 28 - 3
Internally statically indeterminate
Page No. 18
Calculation of reactions at supports using equilibrium as for
beams shown previously.
4 main methods for finding member forces using equilibrium:
Method of joints (Megson 4.6)
Resolving horizontal and vertical forces at each node
Finds all member forces one by one
Method of sections (Megson 4.7)
Cutting the structure and resolving horizontally, vertically and
for moments
Useful for finding a member force in the middle of a structure
without having to calculate lots of other member forces
Tension coefficient method (Megson 4.8)
Alternative form of method of joints useful for 3D trusses
Graphical method (Megson 4.9)
Pen and paper vector method for those without a calculator
This lecture will explain the method of joints and the
method of sections.
Assumptions:
Deflections are small no changes to geometry
Members are able to resist the forces
Page No. 19
R
2
R
1
Method of joints
F
1
F
2
F
3
R
2
R
1
R
3
F
3
F
m1
m1
m2
m3
m4
F
m2
F
m1
F
m3
F
m4
Step 1: Resolve globally to find reactions (R
1
, R
2
& R
3
).
EF
x
= 0 EF
y
= 0 EM
z
= 0
Step 2: Pick a support node
*
and
resolve locally to find member
forces at node (F
m1
& F
m2
).
EF
x
= 0 EF
y
= 0
Step 3: Pick an adjacent node and
resolve locally to find remaining
member forces at node (F
m3
&
F
m4
). Repeat step 3.
EF
x
= 0 EF
y
= 0
*
Or any node where 2 unknown forces meet
Page No. 20
Method of joints example
100kN

R
2
R
1
R
3
Find the force in members m4, m5 and m6

1
, R
2
& R
3
).
EF
x
= 0
R
2
= -20kN (ie 20kN to the left)
EF
y
= 0
R
1
+ R
3
100 = 0kN
EM
z
= 0 (about roller support)
R
1
6 + 20 1 + R
2
0 100 3 = 0 kNm
6R
1
+ 20 = 300 kNm
R
1
= 46.7 kN and R
3
= 53.3 kN

1m
45
o
20kN

m1
m2
m3
m4
m5
m6
Page No. 21
20kN

F
m1
F
m2
46.7kN

Step 2: Pick a support node and
resolve locally to find member
forces at node.
EF
x
= 0
F
m2
+ F
m1
cos45 20 = 0 kN
45
o
-66.0 kN

F
m3
F
m4
20 kN

45
o
EF
y
= 0
F
m1
sin45 + 46.7 = 0 kN F
m1
= -66.0 kN i.e. compression
F
m2
= 66.7 kN i.e. tension
Step 3: Pick an adjacent node and
resolve locally to find remaining
member forces at node.
EF
x
= 0 F
m4
+ 20 = -66 sin45 F
m4
= -66.7 kN (comp)
EF
y
= 0 F
m3
66 cos45 = 0 F
m3
= 46.7 kN (tens)
Page No. 22
Warning: It is easy to mix up + and signs.
The forces shown above are those acting on the node
Advisable to have a system.
e.g. Begin by assuming all member forces are tensile (a -ve
number for a member force would then indicate
compression.
Also, when you get to the other support check that the
final node is in equilibrium to verify your analysis.

Step 3 repeat: Pick an adjacent
node and resolve locally to find
remaining member forces at node.
45
o
66.7kN

46.7kN

F
m5
F
m6
EF
x
= 0 F
m5
cos45 + F
m6
= 66.7 kN
EF
y
= 0 F
m5
sin45 + 46.7 = 0 F
m5
= -66.0 kN (comp)
F
m6
= 113.3 kN (tens)
Page No. 23
Method of sections
F
1
F
2
F
3
R
2
R
1
R
3
m1
m2
m3
1
, R
2
& R
3
).
EF
x
= 0 EF
y
= 0 EM
z
= 0
Step 2: Cut the structure at point of interest and resolve
globally to find unknown released member forces (F
m1
,
F
m2
& F
m3
). EF
x
= 0 EF
y
= 0 EM
z
= 0
F
1
F
2
R
3
m1
m2
m3
F
m1
F
m2
F
m3
Page No. 24
Method of sections example
100kN

R
2
R
1
R
3
Find the force in members m4, m5and m6

1
, R
2
& R
3
).
EF
x
= 0
R
2
= -20kN (ie 20kN to the left)
EF
y
= 0
R
1
+ R
3
100 = 0kN
EM
z
= 0 (about roller support)
R
1
6 + 20 1 + R
2
0 100 3 = 0 kNm
6R
1
+ 20 = 300 kNm
R
1
= 46.7 kN and R
3
= 53.3 kN

1m
45
o
20kN

m1
m2
m3
m4
m5
m6
Page No. 25
Method of sections example
20 kN

46.7 kN

45
o
20kN
F
m4
F
m5
F
m6
This method is a quick way of finding the forces in
members in the middle of a truss with experience you can
spot where the highest member forces will be useful.
Note 1: Cut the structure so that there are no more than 3
unknown released forces otherwise not enough
equilibrium equations.
Note 2: You can verify your answer by looking at the other
part of the cut frame.
Step 2: Cut the structure at point of interest and resolve
globally to find unknown released member forces.
EF
x
= 0 F
m4
+ F
m6
+ F
m5
cos45 20 + 20 = 0
EF
y
= 0 46.7 + F
m5
sin45 = 0
EM
z
= 0 (abt A) 1 46.7 + 1 20 + 1 F
m4
= 0
A

F
m4
= -66.7 kN (c) F
m5
= -66 kN (c) F
m6
= 113.3 kN (t)
Page No. 26
True or false?
a) This structure is externally statically indeterminate
b) This structure is externally statically indeterminate
c) This structure is externally statically indeterminate
Page No. 27
True or false?
d) This structure is externally statically determinate
e) This structure is a mechanism
f) This structure is internally statically indeterminate
Page No. 28
True or false?
g) Member A is in compression
A
h) Member A is in compression
i) Member A is in compression
A
A
Page No. 29
True or false answers
a) False. 3 external reactions and 3 equations of
equilibrium so structure is externally statically
determinate.
b) False. 3 external reactions and 3 equations of
equilibrium so structure is externally statically
determinate.
c) True. 4 external reactions and 3 equations of equilibrium
so structure is externally statically indeterminate.
d) True. 3 external reactions and 3 equations of equilibrium
so structure is externally statically determinate.
e) True. The roller support does not prevent the beam
rotating about the other support.
f) False. 9 members and 6 joints. 9 = 2 6 3 so
internally statically determinate. Note there are 4
external reactions and 3 equations of equilibrium so
structure is externally statically indeterminate.
g) True. The beam is bending downwards (sagging) so the
top chord will be in compression.
h) False. The beam is bending downwards (sagging) so the
bottom chord will be in tension.
i) False. This member cannot possibly be under load.
Consider equilibrium at the left-hand node.

Page No. 30
Final puzzle
How many unknowns?
How many reaction forces?
How many member forces?
Would you be able to find them using equilibrium?
Is the structure externally statically determinate?
Is the structure internally statically determinate?
1 m
3 m
3 m
2 kN
Page No. 31
Final puzzle hint
At each pin joint there are, potentially, two reaction forces.
These two components represent a single (vector) resultant
for which there are two unknown quantities a magnitude
and a direction.

When a single member meets a pin joint, equilibrium of the
joint dictates that the direction of the support reaction must
be in the direction of the member.

Structures and MaAterials (Lecture 2)

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Structures and Materials 1 (H21SM1)

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