Machined parts

I.C engine

Fig. Coupling

Fig. Turbine

Fig. Lathe machine

 if a shaft is to rotate in a hole, there must be enough

clearance between the shaft and hole to allow the oil film to be maintained for lubrication. If the clearance is too small, excessive force would be required in rotation of shaft.

If clearance is too wide, there would be vibrations and rapid wear and ultimate failure

Interchangeability
This term is normally employed for the mass production of identical items. The sizes of parts are within a close degree of accuracy. But even then there will be small variations. If the variations are within certain limits, all parts of equivalent size will be equally fit for operating in machines and mechanisms.

Limit and Fit

Generally in engineering, any component manufactured is required to fit or match with some other component.
The correct and prolonged functioning of the two components in match depends upon the correct size relationships between the two, i.e., the parts must fit with each other in a desired way

Fig. Machined parts and assembly

Nominal size: Size of a part specified in the drawing as a matter of

convience.
Limits of sizes: There are two extreme permissable sizes for a dimensions of the part as shown in Fig. The largest permissable size for a dimesnsion of the part is called upper limit, where as smallest size of the part is known as lower

limit.

Fig.

Tolerance: It is the difference between the upper and lower limit of the

dimension. The tolerence can be unilateral and bilateral.

When tolerance is allowed one side of the nominal size. Then it is said to have unilateral system of tolerence. When the tolerence is allowed on both sides of the of the nominal size, then it is said to have bilateral system of tolerance.

Basic size It is the size of a part to which all limits of variations (i.e. tolerances) are applied to arrive at final dimensioning of parts. The nominal size or basic size of a part is often same. Actual size It is the actual measured dimension of the part.

Allowance It is the difference between the basic dimensios of the mating parts. The allowance may be positive or nagative . When the shaft size is less than the hole size allowance is positive

When the shaft size is greater than the hole size allowance is
negative

Tolerence Zone: It is the zone between the maximim limit and minimum
limit size as shown in Fig

Zero line: It is the straight line corresponding to the basic size. The
deviations are measured from this line.

Upper deviation: It is the difference of dimension between the maximum

possible size of the component and its nominal size.

Lower deviation : Similarly, it is the difference of dimension between the minimum possible size of the component and its nominal size. Fundamental deviation : It defines the location of the tolerance zone
with respect to the nominal size. For that matter, either of the deviations

may be considered.

Fit: The degreeof tightness or looseness between two mating parts is known as fit of the part. Clearance Fit In this type of fit, the shaft of largest possible diameter can also be fitted easily even in the hole of smallest possible diameter

Fig. Schematic view of fit system

Transition Fit : In this case, there will be a clearance between

the minimum dimension of the shaft and the minimum

dimension of the hole.

Interference Fit

Fig. Schematic view of fit system

In this case, no matter whatever may be the tolerance level in shaft and the hole, there is always a overlapping of the mating parts. This is known as interference fit. Interference fit is a form of a tight fit.

Hole and Shaft Basis System

Fig. Hole basis system HOLE BASED SYSTEM

Size of hole is kept constant, shaft size is varied to get different fits.

Fig. Shaft basis system

SHAFT BASED SYSTEM Size of shaft is kept constant, hole size is varied to get different fits