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19-1 19-2 19-3 19-4 19-5 19-6 19-7 19-8 19-9 The Solubility Product Constant, Ksp The Relationship Between Solubility and Ksp The Common-Ion Effect in Solubility Equilibria Limitations of the Ksp Concept Criteria for Precipitation and Its Completeness Fractional Precipitation Solubility and pH Equilibria Involving Complex Ions Qualitative Cation Analysis Focus On Shells, Teeth, and Fossils
General Chemistry: Chapter 19 Slide 2 of 34
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Activities (effective concentrations) become smaller than the measured concentrations. The Salt Effect (or diverse ion effect).
Ionic interactions are important even when an ion is not apparently participating in the equilibrium. Uncommon ions tend to increase solublity.
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Ion Pairs
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Incomplete Dissociation
Assumption that all ions in solution are completely dissociated is not valid. Ion Pair formation occurs.
Some solute molecules are present in solution. Increasingly likely as charges on ions increase.
Simultaneous Equilibria
Other equilibria are usually present in a solution.
Kw for example. These must be taken into account if they affect the equilibrium in question.
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Example 19-5
Applying the Criteria for Precipitation of a Slightly Soluble Solute.
Three drops of 0.20 M KI are added to 100.0 mL of 0.010 M Pb(NO3)2. Will a precipitate of lead iodide form? (1 drop = 0.05 mL) PbI2(s) Pb2+(aq) + 2 I-(aq) Ksp= 7.110-9
Determine the amount of I- in the solution: 0.05 mL 1 L 0.20 mol KI 1 mol InI- = 3 drops 1 drop 1000 mL 1L 1 mol KI = 310-5 mol IPrentice-Hall 2002 General Chemistry: Chapter 19 Slide 15 of 34
Example 19-5
Determine the concentration of I- in the solution: [I-] =
= 310-4 mol I-
Apply the Precipitation Criteria: Q = [Pb2+][I-]2 = (0.010)(310-4)2 = 910-10 < Ksp = 7.110-9
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Ksp = 1.810-11
K = 1/Kw = 1.01014 K' = (1/Kw)2 = 1.01028
Complex Ions
Coordination compounds.
Substances which contain complex ions.
Complex ions.
A polyatomic cation or anion composed of: A central metal ion. Ligands
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Example 19-11
Determining Whether a Precipitate will Form in a Solution Containing Complex Ions.
A 0.10 mol sample of AgNO3 is dissolved in 1.00 L of 1.00 M NH3. If 0.010 mol NaCl is added to this solution, will AgCl(s) precipitate? Assume Kf is large: Ag+(aq) Initial conc. Change Eqlbrm conc.
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Example 19-11
[Ag+] is small but not 0, use Kf to calculate [Ag+]:
Ag+(aq)
Initial concs. Changes 0M +x M
+ 2 NH3(aq) [Ag(NH3)2]+(aq)
0.80 M +2x M 0.10 M -x M
Eqlbrm conc.
xM
0.80 + 2x M
0.10 - x M
[Ag+]
Example 19-11
Compare Qsp to Ksp and determine if precipitation will occur:
Ksp = 1.810-10
Qsp < Ksp AgCl does not precipitate.
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Selectively precipitate the first group of cations then move on to the next.
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S2- is an extremely strong base and is unlikely to be the precipitating agent for the sulfide groups.
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310-28
Ka1 Kw
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Ca2+(aq) + 2 HCO3-(aq)
CaCO3(s) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
Hydroxyapatite Ca5(PO4)3OH(s)
Fluoroapatite Ca5(PO4)3F(s)
Chapter 19 Questions
Develop problem solving skills and base your strategy not on solutions to specific problems but on understanding.
Practice good techniques and get coaching from people who have been here before.
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