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Wireless Network

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Types
Wireless PAN Wireless LAN Wireless MAN Wireless WAN
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Need for new Standard

Ethernet uses CSMA/CD Multipath fading No handoff in Ethernet Half Duplex transmission

Absence of Mobility software

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Wireless Sensor Network -Introduction

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WSN
Combination of: Breakthroughs in MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical Systems) technology Development of low power radio technologies Advances in low-power embedded microcontrollers
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Network

Technology

Computational

Sensor
Network
Sensor
Technology
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Power

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Sensor Network
Sensor networks are composed of large number of sensor nodes which are densely deployed in an area. Application specific. Battery operated Deployed statically or dynamically. Resource constraint

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Salient features of WSNs

Collection of wireless sensor nodes
Signal processing, radio and sensing in one IC

Nodes are constrained in

radio, battery & computational power, and storage capacity

Most nodes are stationary, sinks may be mobile Potentially very large scale & geographically dispersed deployment Designed for unattended operation => need for autonomous behavior

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Salient features of WSNs

Communication costs outweigh computation costs Nodes configured usually once.

Frequent topological changes.

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Wireless sensor network

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Node and Sink node

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Wireless Sensor Network -Applications

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Applications

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Smart sensors for Mine safety and guidance

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Sukura-jima Volcano Khagoshima-Japan

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In Agriculture

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Vehicular Network

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Sea shore
To identify near shore phenomena such as riptides, sandbar formations, etc.

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Ecosystem Monitoring
Understand response of wild populations (plants and animals) to habitats over time. Observation of species and ecosystem dynamics.

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Bio Sensors
Senor is swallowed by the patient and it transmits the information to base station (capsule endoscopy). Ability to monitor tumor enlargement. Assess degree of response to chemotherapy etc

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Biosensor Networks
Relevance
This technology has applications for continuous health monitoring of humans in space and for long duration space experiments involving humans and/or animals.

Any wireless solution should interface with existing and future proximity networks.

A Lightweight Ambulatory Physiological Monitoring System, NASA Tech Briefs, January 2001.

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Hospital

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Animal tracking

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Military Applications
Every troop, vehicle, equipment etc can be attached with small sensors. Used to detect nuclear, biological and chemical attacks.

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Military Applications

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Comparing WSN with other wireless networks

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Cellular vs WSN
The cellular concept: multiple lower-power base stations that service mobile users within their coverage area and handoff users to neighboring base stations as users move.

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Cellular vs WSN
Thousands of nodes

Nodes with sophisticated radio transceivers Mobile nodes greatly outnumber stationary (BS) BS have unlimited power supply, mobiles are batteryoperated The primary goal is to provide high QoS, along with high bandwidth efficiency

Hundreds of thousands of nodes Nodes integrate sensors, processors, transceivers with limited resources Nodes are generally stationary after deployment Each node depends on small low capacity battery as energy source, and cannot expect replacement The main goal is to prolong the lifetime of the network 28

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Bluetooth vs WSN

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Bluetooth vs WSN
Topology is a star network where a master has up to seven slaves (piconet); there are mechanisms to form a multihop topology Nodes are appliances and electronic consumer devices Nodes are short-range mobile Energy isnt generally an issue Goal is to replace cable between devices and provide RF connection between them Hundreds of thousands of nodes Nodes integrate sensors, processors, transceivers with limited resources Nodes are generally stationary after deployment Each node depends on small low capacity battery as energy source, and cannot expect replacement The main goal is to prolong the lifetime of the network 30

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Architecture of Wireless sensor network

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Communication Architecture

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Structure of Sensor Node

Location finding system

Mobilizer

Processor sensor ADC Storage Transceiver

Power unit

Power Generator

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Motes

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Programming

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Services Layer

Physical Layer
sensor hardware e.g., radio

MAC Layer
Data Management Layer channel access e.g., TDMA, adaptive duty cycling

Routing Layer
Routing Layer packet routing e.g., flooding, LEACH

Data Management Layer

data aggregation and data dissemination

MAC Layer

Application/Services Layer
target tracking, habitat monitoring

Physical Layer
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Wireless Sensor Network -Issues and Challenges

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Sensor Networks : design issues

Power efficiency
Node life-time Network life-time Especially important for self-powered nodes

Low cost Security

Secure Positioning Data Validation

Data Throughput

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The Research Challenges in WSN Deployment

Network deployment and organization Query processing and routing Storage management Increasing the longevity and robustness of the network Security issues

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WSN motes Simulators

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WSN Open Source Tools

Simulators
NS-2 TOSSIM Avrora NCTUns OMNET++ J-Sim Ptolemy

Programming Languages
Assembly C Giotto Esterel Lustre Signal E-FRP nesC

Operating Systems
TinyOS YATOS Contiki MANTIS SOS

Application Tools
Localization Tools TinyDB Surge TOSBase

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Tools contd..
Sensor Network-level Simulation Tools
Ns-2 enhancements by ISI Ns-2 based SensorSim/SensorViz by UCLA C++-based LECSim by UCLA PARSEC-based NESLsim by UCLA

Node-level Simulation Tools

MILAN by USC for WINS and AMPS ToS-Sim for Motes

Processor-level Simulation Tools

JoulesTrack by MIT

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What is TinyOS?
An operation system An open-source development environment Not an operation system for general purpose, it is designed for wireless embedded sensor network.
Official website: http://www.tinyos.net/

Programming language: NesC (an extension of C) It features a component-based architecture. Supported platforms include Linux, Windows 2000/XP with Cygwin.

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Tinyviz

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Thank you

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