Overview On Synthesis Of CdSe Crystal

By

Meenu Rani Jagriti Mahajan

Hindu College of Engg., Sonepat

Presentation Overview
Introduction Quantum Dots Methods Importance Characterstics Applications Conclusions References

Introduction
CdSe semiconductor is highly luminescent crystals. Semiconductor nanocrystals, also called quantum dots. The luminescent properties of synthesized CdSe nanoparticles by controlling the heating conditions at 250C - 350 C in air. The quantum dot modifies the electronic structure of nanocrystals when their diameter is comparable to or smaller than the diameter of the bulk exciton.

Quantum Dots
Quantum dots are nanoparticals of semiconductors materials , whose range is from 2 to 10nm in diameter. The electronic characteristics of qdots are closely related to the size and shape of the individual crystal. If the size of crystal is small, then band gap between the higher valence band and the lowest conduction band becomes high and more energy is require for exciting the dot.

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A principal advantage with quantum dots is that by controlling the size of crystals, the conductive properties of the material is controlled. The ability to control the size of qdot enables the manufacturer to determine the wavelength of emission, which in turn determines the color of light the human eye perceives. The smaller the dot, closer its to the blue end of the spectrum and the larger the dot, closer to the red end.

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Methods
Hot Injection Wet Chemical NaHseO3 as Selenium Source

Hot Injection Method

The method to prepare CdSe nanocrystals involved the injection of a cool solution of precursor molecules into hot liquid TOPO (300C). The injection leads to the instantaneous formation of nuclei of CdSe. The formation of new nuclei is prevented due to a drop in temperature to about 170C. Increasing the temperature to higher values, but below 300C, leads to slow growth of the existing nuclei but not to new nucleation.

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With increasing growth temperature the size of the resulting CdSe nanocrystals increases. After the synthesis, the nanocrystals can be separated from the growth solution by adding a nonsolvent. The TOPO molecules remain attached to the surface Cd atoms.

Wet Chemical Method

Figure 4: Block digrame of wet chemical method

NaHseO3 As Selenium Source

Figure 5: Block digrame of wet chemical method

Characterstics
1. X-Ray diffraction(XRD) characterization: XRD analysis shows the crystalline phase transformation at temperatures of 350 C450 C. The XRD pattern of nanocrystalline CdSe contains 3 main peaks at diffraction angle 2 = 26.55, 43.87 and 51.91 corresponds to the Miller indices (101), (110) and (112).

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2. UV-visible analysis: As the particles become smaller, the wavelength of the electrons is closer to the range of the particle sizes. The absorption peak of obtained CdSe QDs is 543 nm (2.28 eV). The estimated particle size is about 3nm, which is very close to the results from XRD result.

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Applications
Transistors Biomedical Solar Cells Light Source

Conclusion
By controlling the size of crystals, conductive properties of the material is controlled. The ability to manipulate precisely the size, the shape, and the surface of nanocrystals has opened up a number of potential applications for these new materials: light-emitting diodes, lowthreshold lasers, solar cells, optical amplifiers for telecommunications and biomedical tags.

References
[1] Van Driel, A. F. "Frequency-Dependent Spontaneous Emission Rate from CdSe and CdTe Nanocrystals: Influence of Dark States physical review letters 95 236804, 2005. [2] Khare, Ankur, Wills, Andrew W., Ammerman, Lauren M., Noris, David J., and Aydi, Eray S. "Size control and quantum confinement in Cu2ZnSnS4 nanocrystals". Chem. Commun , 2011. [3] W. Xu, Y. Wang, S. Liang, R. Xu, G. Zhang, F. Xu and D. Yin: Optimized synthesis and fluorescence spectrum analysis of CdSe quamtum dots Journal of Taylor & Francis in 5 Dec 2003. [4] C.M. Donega, P. Liljerath and D. Vanmaekel Physicochemical evalution of hot injection method, a synthesis route for monodisperse nanocrystal published in small in 2005. [5] P.K. Khanna: Synthesis and optical properties of CdSe nanocrystal Journal of Taylor & Francis in 26 Sep 2008. [6] A. Acharya, B. Panda, M. Mohanty, G. Roy: Study of characteristics of nanocrystal CdS, CdSe, Cuo and nanocomposite CdS-PTh, CdSe-PTh by XRD analysis

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[7] X. Xu, Y.Wang, L.Zhor, L.Wu, J.G. Niu, L.Zhang and Q.Liu: Synthesis and characterization of CdSe nanocrystals using NaHSeo3 as selenium source in micro and nanoleters on 22nd April 2012. [8] Murray, CB kagan, CR Bawendi, MG Synthesis and characterization of monodisperse nanocrystal and close-packed nanocrystal assemblies annual review of materials science on 2000. [9] W. Xu, Y. Wang, S. Liang, R. Xu, G. Zhang, F. Xu and D. Yin: Optimized synthesis and fluorescence spectrum analysis of CdSe quamtum dots Journal of Taylor & Francis in 5 Dec 2003. [10]U. Farva, N.T.N. Truong and C. Park Optoelectronic properties of CdSe nanoparticles and therir application to bulk hetero-junction solar cells in conference of ieee in June 2009. [11]S. Mishra, P. Tripathy and S. P. Sinna, Advancements in the field of quantum dots International journal of advancements in research & technology, volume 1, August-2012.

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