CHAPTER 1:

Introduction to Computer, Computer System and Operating System

Outline
1.1 Evolution of computers.
1.2 Computer Hardware 1.2.1 Motherboard 1.2.2 Microprocessor 1.2.3 Memory 1.2.4 Input Devices 1.3 Computer Software 1.3.1 Operating System 1.4 Introduction to office packages. 1.5 Introduction to computer viruses.

1.2.5 Output Devices

Course Assessment
Test Test #1 - 10% Test #2 - 10%

Assignment 10% End Module Test 30% Attitude 10%

PBL PBL #1 - 10% PBL #2 - 10% PBL #3 - 10%

What Is Information Technologies

The use of modern technology to aid the capture, storage, retrieval, analysis, and communication of information (information management)
Educ Comm.

Finance

IT

Travel

Gov Health Care Publishing

Manufact.

Why Computers?
How we did manage without them? Computers are now an accepted part of everyday life Household and mobile appliances Powerful communication medium Becoming embedded in our infrastructures Etc.

IT

COMPUTERS

Computer Evolution

Computer History
Man from centuries ago used a physical unit or sets of units to represent numbers or quantities. A number or a quantity can be represented by a physical thing, using different mediums: Pebbles Vacuum Tube Marks on paper Transistors Integrated Circuits

Computer History
Difference between Engine & Analytical Engine Charles Babbage: Inventor and mathematician Proposed a machine that would solve the equations better by calculating the differences between them 1830: full scale working version was built with British grant -ve: vulnerable to smallest imperfections Proposed analytical engine which embodied the features of modern computers (i.e. input, storage, processor, control unit, output) Known as the Father of Computer

Computer History
Ada, Countess mathematician of Lovelace, also a

Knew Babbages theoretical approach was workable

Helped develop the instructions for doing computations on the analytical engine
Known as the worlds first computer programmer

Computer History
Herman Holleriths tabulating machine was used for 1890 United States census Hand done tabulation in 1880 census which took more than 7 years only took 6 weeks for counting process with his machine

1896- founded the successful Tabulating Machine Co., which then known as IBM Corp. in 1924
Used electrical rather than Babbages mechanical power

Computer History the Start of Modern Era

Late 1942 Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) was developed, marked as the first digital computer that worked electronically 1944 - Mark I was unveiled by IBM Corp, made by Howard Aiken
1946 - Based on ABC, Electronic Numeric Integrator and Calculator or ENIAC was invented, the first general-purpose computer

Computer History Computer Age Begins

The First Generation, 1951-1958: The Vacuum Tube
1951 Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC 1) was delivered to US Bureau of the Census Marked the first time a computer had been built for business applications rather than for military, scientific or engineering use Using thousands of vacuum tubes electronic tubes about the size of light bulbs were used as the internal computer components -ve: problems for temperature and climate control, frequent burnout, machine language for programming 1957-used magnetic tape for storing data

Computer History Computer Age Begins

The Second Generation, 1959-1964: The Transistor
Bell Lab scientists developed a transistor a small device that transfers electric signals across a resistor Revolutionized electronics particularly computers Smaller than the tubes with no warm-up time, less energy, more reliable From machine to assembly language, then to high level language allowed programmers to focus on solving problems Computers were used principally by business, university, and government organizations, not yet to the public Honeywell 400 - the computer

Computer History Computer Age Begins

The Third Generation, 1965-1970: The Integrated Circuit
An IC a complete electronic circuit on a small chip of silicon (non metallic substance) A chip is much smaller in size - inch square, can contain thousands of electronic components An IC was able to replace an entire circuit board of transistors with one chip of silicon much smaller than a transistor 1965 ICs began to replace transistors Software became more sophisticated, using terminals to access the computer

Computer History Computer Age Begins

The Fourth Generation, 1971 Today: The Microprocessor
First microprocessor Invention of Intels 4004 microprocessor on which numerous ICs could be built General-purpose processor-on-a-chip Extension of third generation technology Vast implementation digital watches, pocket calculators

Computer History Computer Age Begins

The Fifth Generation, Today- Future: Artificial Intelligence
Initiated by Japans MITI in 1970s To perform much calculation utilizing massive parallelism 1981 IBM PC; first personal computers introduced 1983 Apple Lisa computer; first home computer with a GUI 1984 Apple Macintosh computer
The PIM/m-1 machine

Basic Components of a Computer System

An electronic device that can accept data (input), process the input to useful information (process) according to a set of instructions, store the instructions and the results of processing (storage), and produce the information (output).
Data Info

Input

Process

Output

Storage

Identifying Computer Components

Input Device
System Unit Output Device Secondary Storage Device

I/O Devices
- general term for devices that send computers information from the outside world and that return the results of computations -These results can either be viewed directly by a user, or they can be sent to another machine, whose control has been assigned to that machine -Input devices: h/w components that allow data and instructions to be entered into a computer -Output devices: h/w components that convey information to people - Example: data entered on the keyboard and temporarily stored in the computers memory and displayed on the monitor

System Unit
- contains the electronic circuits that cause the processing of data to occur - electronic circuits are connected to a circuit board Motherboard

Processor
Interprets and carries out basic instructions that operate the computer

Motherboard

Memory
Store instructions waiting to be executed and data needed by those instructions

Secondary Storage Device

- also known as auxiliary storage devices - stores instructions and data when they are not being used by the system unit - E.g. micro disk, floppy disk and hard disk drive

How a Computer System Works

Secondary Storage Device Data Input Device

System Unit

Output Device

Information

How a Computer System Works contd

- A computer is useless without the presence of software. - Software controls the computer hardware : Operating System

- Software also provides application services to user : application software

COMPUTER HARDWARE

Motherboard
Backbone of the computer
Circuit board that connects all parts of computer together CPU, memory, hard drive, optical drive, video/graphic card, sound card, and other expansion cards and ports Popular manufacturer: Asus, Intel, ABIT, AOpen, Biostar, MSI, Gigabyte.

Motherboard
BIOS Parallel & serial port CPU Socket USB Port PCI Slots PS/2 Port Power Connector AGP Slot

ISA Slots

Memory Socket

Battery

Storage device connectors

Motherboard

Inside Computers

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Central Processing Unit (CPU) contd

- It is the brains of the computer - microprocessor chip.

- CPU is inserted directly into a CPU socket on a motherboard.

- highly complex, extensive set of electronic circuitry that interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate the computer most calculation takes place. - CPU perform three main tasks : Perform arithmetic operations

Perform logic operations

Retrieval and storage of data

Central Processing Unit (CPU) contd

-CPU consists of two main units :1. Control Unit - fetches instructions from memory - decode/translate instructions - executes the processing tasks - stores result in memory

2. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) - arithmetic operations e.g. +, -, x, / - logic operations (comparison) e.g. >, >=, ==, <, <=

Central Processing Unit (CPU) contd

Secondary Storage Device
Data Instructions

Data

Input Device

Memory
Data Instructions

Output Device

Information

Processor

Central Processing Unit (CPU) How it works?

What happens in CPU in one machine cycle?

- CU fetches instructions from memory - CU decodes/translates instructions into sequence of tasks, Directs necessary data to ALU

- ALU executes arithmetic/logic instruction - Given control and performs the actual operation on the data -ALU stores results into memory or register

Direct & Coordinate

Calculation

Machine cycle in a processor

Central Processing Unit (CPU) Machine Cycle

Register: small, high speed storage locations resides in the processor. Functions: store location where the instruction was fetched store instruction while CU decodes it store the result of calculation.

Central Processing Unit (CPU) How it works?

Machine Cycle
Without Pipelining F D E S F D E S I1 I2 I3 I4 F With Pipelining D E S

Instruction 1

Instruction 2

Measuring CPU Speed

- System clock : circuit that control the timing of all computer operations - Clock speed : rate of an electronic pulse used to synchronize processing number of clock cycle per second - Measured in megahertz (MHz) where 1 MHz = 1 million cycles per second - A 3.8 GHz machine. It's clock rate is 3.8 billion cycles per second. - Bigger number = faster processing

Dual Core Processor

A type of processor that combines two independent processors into a single IC Allows optimal use of multiprocessing Uses slightly less power

An article about Computer Memories

Memory
Electronic components that store instructions waiting to be executed by the processor, data needed by those instructions and store information (processed data). Stores : i. OS & other system software ii. Application programs iii. Data being processed by the application programs Storage unit : Byte Memory size: KB, MB, GB, TB

Memory Types

Random Access Memory (RAM) - volatile: it loses contents when power is removed from the computer.

- non-volatile: data permanently stored in and cannot be changed

Read Only Memory (ROM)

Random Access Memory (RAM)

Also known as main memory, primary storage The working area used for displaying and manipulating data Volatile - RAM is typically erased when a computer is shut down How program instruction transfer in & out of RAM? Eg: Turning on the computer processes involved. What is it meant by saving? Copy data, instruction and info. from RAM to storage device. SDRAM DRAM Types DDR SDRAM of RAM RDRAM SRAM

How RAM Works (Dynamic RAM)

A memory chip is an integrated circuit made of millions of transistors and capacitors.
In most common form of computer memory (dynamic RAM), a transistor and a capacitor are paired to create a memory cell, which represents a single bit of data.

The capacitor holds the bit of information; a 1 or 0.

The transistor acts as a switch that lets the control circuitry on the memory chip read the capacitor or change its state. To store a 1 in the memory cell, the capacitor is filled with electrons, else it is emptied. To avoid data lost, capacitors holding a 1 need to be recharged thousands of timed per second (dynamically refreshed)

Various RAM Modules

DIP 16-pin SIPP SIMM 30-pin SIMM 72-pin SDRAM DIMM
RAM chips reside on memory module. Memory slots on motherboard hold memory modules.

DDR DIMM RIMM

ROM
Memory chips that store permanent data and instruction Read-only : data cannot be modified

Non-volatile: contents remained when the power off

All ROMs allow data to be written into them at least once, either during initial manufacturing or during a step called "programming Some ROMs can be erased and re-programmed multiple times E.g. PROM (programmable ROM), EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable ROM) ROM stores BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) which contains the computer start up instructions successfully start operating

Flash Memory
Non-volatile memory that can be erased electronically and rewritten similar to EEPROM

Hold start up instructions for computers

BIOS chip Store data and programs on mobile computers and devices: PDA, smart phones, printers, digital camera, audio players, pagers. (a) Flash memory cards SmartMedia, CompactFlash, Memory Stick. (b) Flash memory drive

CMOS
CMOS(complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) Used in todays memory chips. Provides high speeds and consumes little power. Flash memory chips that store computer startup instructions use CMOS technology.

COMPUTER SOFTWARE

What is Software?
Series of instructions that tells computer what and how to do the operation.

Onion-skin diagram

What is Software?- cont

Programs that control or maintain the operations of the computer and its devices

Programs designed to assist users with their personal tasks to be more productive

System Software
System software that allows users to perform maintenance-type tasks

Operating System

Utility Program

A set of programs that control and supervise a computer systems hardware and application programs

Operating System
WHY OS?
To manage the hardware for efficient utilization of computer resources & supports application To provide interface between a user/an application program with the hardware

Operating System - cont

Conceptual Diagram of an OS

Operating System Main Functions

OS (Control programs) Functions

Resource allocation Job management Data management allocate processor time, primary storage, input and output devices to monitor, schedule and control programs for its efficient processing network, security, etc. managing access to data for input of information to printers, disks/displays Supervisor program: known as kernel - controls all the operating system programs and also application programs as well as all hardware components.

OS Tasks
Computer Startup

Monitoring performance

User Interface

Network& Security

Manage Programs

Utilities

Scheduling jobs Access to I/O devices

Manage files Manage Memory

During Computer Start-up

1. When computer is turned on, the first program to be executed is a set of instruction kept in ROM known as BIOS.

2. BIOS executes a series of tests to ensure the computer hardware is connected and operating properly. It generates an error message (by messages or beeps) if any components are found faulty. 3. Once the POST has successfully completed, the BIOS will begin to activate the computer's disk drives- finds the first piece of the operating system: the bootstrap loader - load the supervisor program into the computers memory booting
4. Once the supervisor control program in memory, the system displays the prompt sign (C:\>), indicating that it is ready to work

Categories of OS
Operating System

Network
Early Windows Server versions (Win NT Server, Win 2000 Server) Windows Server 2003 UNIX Linux

Stand-Alone
DOS Early Windows versions (Win 3.x, 95, NT, 98, 2000 pro., ME) Windows XP Windows Vista Mac OS X UNIX Linux

Embedded
Windows CE Windows Mobile Palm OS Embedded Linux Symbian OS

Utility Programs
File Manager Disk Scanner Image Viewer

Disk Defragmenter

System software that allows user to perform maintenance-type tasks.

Personal Firewall

Diagnostic Utility Backup Utility

Uninstaller Screen Saver

Application Software
E-mail FTP Web Browser Newsgroup Chat room IM Blogging

Business

Word Processing Spreadsheet Database Presentation Graphics Project Management Accounting Etc.

Communications

Graphics and Multimedia

Computer Aided Design (CAD) Editing (image, sound, video, photo) Multimedia Authoring Etc.

Editing (image, sound, video, photo) Multimedia Authoring Educational Entertainment etc

Home/ Personal/ Educational

Microsoft Disk Operating System (MS-DOS)

DOS is the supervisor program of the computer

It does all the followings Interface to peripherals How to interpret input, how to process data, and how to produce output Application launcher Most programming software, games etc. use DOS prompt to run application Utility provider Manage disks and files, prepare disks for storage, copy files to a disk, to move or rename files, and to delete files

MS-DOS contd
Using DOS prompt to get command from user Examples for DOS operation
DOS version/prompt type Modify date/time

File and directory contents

Clearing a DOS screen Going to subdirectory and back to root directory

Searching for specific files

Copy files from A drive / C drive

MS-DOS Screenshot

INPUT OUTPUT DEVICES

Input Devices
What is input? What are input devices?

INPUT

Input Devices
Text Input Devices Keyboard Readers Image, Video Input Devices Audio Input Devices

OCR OMR Barcode reader Magstripe

Optical scanner Digital camera Digital camcorder Webcam

Pointing Devices

Computer mouse Trackball (or rollerball) Joystick & Wheel Touch screen Trackpoint (or Pointing stick) Touchpad Light pen Stylus, digital pen

Microphone (speech recognition) Digital audio recorder Electronic piano keyboard Finger print scanner Face recognition Hand geometry Signature verification Iris recognition Smart card reader

Biometric Devices

Output Devices
What is output?

Text

Video

OUTPUT CATEGORIES

Audio

Graphics

Output Devices contd

Monitors Printers Plotters

Speakers Headphones Earphones

Data projectors

Fax Machine Fax Modem

Display Devices
As with television, several different hardware technologies exist for displaying computer-generated output: Cathode ray tube (CRT) Liquid crystal display (LCD). (LCD-based monitors can receive television and computer protocols (SVGA, PAL, SCAM; NTSC)) Plasma display Surface-conduction electron-emitter display (SED)

Video projector
Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display.

Pixels and Resolutions

Pixels - Refers to dots or picture elements on the screen Resolution number of pixels horizontally and vertically A range of resolutions from 320 by 200 pixels (320200) up to 2048 by 1536 pixels (20481536) or 2304 by 1440 pixels (23041440), with unlimited colours and a variety of refresh rates Higher resolution uses greater number of pixels smoother, sharper & clearer image The sharpness of a display is indicated by its dot pitch. Dot pitch: distance in mm between pixels on a display device. - the lower the dot pitch (e.g. 0.24), the sharper the image

CRT Monitor
The cathode ray tube or CRT is the display device that was traditionally used in most computer displays, video monitors, televisions, radar displays and oscilloscopes. Was used in all television sets until the late 20th century and the advent of plasma screens, LCD TVs, DLP, OLED displays, and other technologies.

As a result of CRT technology, television continues to be referred to as "The Tube" well into the 21st century, even when referring to non-CRT sets

CRT Monitor contd

LCD Monitor
A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat display device made up of any number of color or monochrome pixels arrayed in front of a light source or reflector Uses very small amounts of electric power, and is therefore suitable for use in batterypowered electronic devices In color LCDs, each individual pixel is divided into three cells, or subpixels, which are colored red, green, and blue, respectively, by additional filters. Each subpixel can be controlled independently to yield thousands or millions of possible colors for each pixel

Printer
Printer Impact
-use a physical contact with the paper to produce an image -e.g. dot matrix printer and line printer

Non Impact
-Place images on a paper without physically touching it (striking) -e.g. thermal, inkjet, laser printer, plotters, photo printers, largeformat printers

Secondary Storage
WHY? Main memory stores data temporarily Main memory space is limited Storage Device vs Storage Media

Magnetic Disk
There are three main classes for magnetic disk:-

- floppy disk (or flexible disk) a 5.25 diskette which can store information from 360 KB (DD) to 1.2 MB (HD)
- microdisk - a 3.5diskette which can store from 720 (DD) KB to 1.44 MB (HD) - harddisk has a bigger capacity to store data, up to GBs, consists of layers of disks, one on the other within a sealed enclosure

Magnetic Disk
A hard disk internal view.

Magnetic Disk
Iomega provides removable disk storage in its range of Products e.g. Zip and Jazz

Magnetic Tape
-stores large volume of data as backup, typically in a mainframe environment -many forms of magnetic tape, e.g. tape reel and data cartridge tape

-the storing and retrieving of data is using magnetize (1) to store and demagnetize (0) to retrieve data

Optical disk
- Used to store digital data, originally developed for storing digital audio. - CD: A standard playback format for commercial audio recordings today - provides direct access storage at a lower cost than magnetic disk - including optical laser disks, optical cards and optical tape

Optical disk contd

- DVD: optical disc storage media format that can be used for data storage, including movies with high video and sound quality - DVDs resemble compact discs as their physical dimensions are the same but are encoded in a different format and at a much higher density. - Dual Layer recording allows DVD-R and DVD+R discs to store significantly more data, up to 8.5 Gigabytes per disc, compared with 4.7 Gigabytes for single-layer discs.

Optical disk contd

CD-R DVD-R

CD-RW CDROM

DVD-RW DVDROM

Latest Storage Media/Device

Flash Memory Cards
Compact Flash SmartMedia Secure Digital xD Picure Card Memory Stick
Smart Card USB Flash Drives

INTRODUCTION TO OFFICE PACKAGE

Microsoft Office Package

MICROSOFT WORD MICROSOFT EXCELL MICROSOFT POWERPOINT

Microsoft Word Microsoft Word

used to create a variety of documents such as letters, memos, resumes, forms or any document that can be typed and printed. Comes with a variety of word processing features, including an in-built dictionary in various languages, document formatting options (indenting, double spacing, footnoting, headers and footers,etc.). Documents created in the program can be saved in several formats, accessed and printed.

Microsoft Excel
Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet software used for storing, organizing and manipulating data. Data can be entered into spreadsheet rows and columns, or "cells," which can be formatted in various fonts or colors; the data in the spreadsheet can then be converted into graphs for analysis. Microsoft Excel also includes formulas and functions, used to calculate variables in the data.

Microsoft Excel..cont
Some functions are complex, whereas others are used for simple calculation (adding, subtracting, multiplying or dividing) of several cell values. Microsoft Excel is also used in finance to automatically calculate variables such as profit, loss or expenditure.

Microsoft PowerPoint
Microsoft PowerPoint is used to create multimedia presentations and slide shows. Like Microsoft Word, it also includes tools to format text and incorporates design features used in Microsoft Publisher (e.g., built-in design templates, multimedia libraries). Presentations can be created on Microsoft PowerPoint using slide transitions to make presentations more interesting, sound clips, images, animations or video clips.

COMPUTER VIRUSES

What Is..
Data security:
The means of ensuring that data is kept safe from corruption and that access to it is suitably controlled.
Thus data security helps to ensure privacy and helps in protecting personal data.

Causes of Data Loss

Internet & Network Attacks

Malware is software designed to infiltrate or damage a computer system without the owner's informed consent. It is a shortened combination of the words malicious and software.
Computer virus, worm, Trojan horse, spyware, adware, rootkit. MyDoom, Blaster, Melissa, Y2K, etc. open infected files run infected programs boot pc with infected storage media attached connect unprotected pc to a network

Computer Virus
self-replicating computer program that spreads by inserting copies of itself into other executable code or documents. A computer virus behaves in a way similar to a biological virus, which spreads by inserting itself into living cells. Extending the analogy, the insertion of a virus into the program is termed as an "infection", and the infected file, or executable code that is not part of a file, is called a "host". Viruses are one of the several types of malicious software or malware.

Computer Virus
The characteristics of a computer virus :
1. A set of instructions
2. Deliberately created 3. Actively propagates 4. Infects other programs 5. Able to do harm 6. Able to evolve

- a program being made to disrupt or interfere other programs - purposely created or by itself - reproducing itself - contaminate or polluting different types of programs - can cause damage to others - developing, growing and changing in programs or systems

Computer Virus - cont

Damages to a computer system

1. Creates garbage in the computer system that takes up space in the hard disk and into the diskettes
2. Messing up files in their normal standard and altering some of the files 3. Messing up the FAT (File Allocation Table) which contains information of where are the other data's stored on your disk 4. Messing up the boot sector that can restrict your computer from being able to execute at all

Antivirus Program

Types of anti-virus software

The Computer Virus Industry Association (CVIA) in the USA has developed three basic categories of anti-virus software.
To prevent initial infection To identify and remove viruses

To detect infection

The Ultimate SafeguardBacking Up

a duplicate of file, program or disk that can be used if the original is lost, damaged or destroyed.

To prevent against data loss caused by system failure or hardware, software, human and environment.

Storage Media

Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)

- A device that contains 1 or more batteries that can provide power during power loss. - Connects between the computer and a power source. - when power is interrupted, this result the UPS to function as a backup supply of power to the computer system - depends on the type of UPS, it will operate in 20 minutes or more - it is advisable to backup important data within the time limit to prevent any lost of data

Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)

Components of UPS - one rectifier (charger) to convert AC to DC and to fully charge the battery - one battery to supply DC power to the inverter and the supported time are based on the number and size of batteries - one inverter to convert DC to AC - one static bypass switch to control the load from/to the power source to/from the battery and allows certain load to transfer tolerances needed by the computer and its peripherals