Compression Members

COLUMN STABILITY
A. Flexural Buckling
Elastic Buckling
Inelastic Buckling
Yielding
B. Local Buckling Section E7 pp 16.1-39
and B4 pp 16.1-14
C. Lateral Torsional Buckling
AISC Requirements
CHAPTER E pp 16.1-32
Nominal Compressive Strength
g cr n
A F P =
AISC Eqtn E3-1
AISC Requirements
LRFD
n c u
P P | s
loads factored of Sum =
u
P
strength e compressiv design =
n c
P |
0.90 n compressio for factor resistance = =
c
|
Design Strength
In Summary

>
s
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
877 . 0
44 . 0 or
71 . 4 658 . 0
otherwise F
F F
F
E
r
KL
if F
F
e
y e
y
y
F
F
cr
e
y
200 <
r
KL
Local Stability - Section B4 pp 16.1-14

Local Stability:
If elements of cross section are thin LOCAL buckling occurs
The strength corresponding to any buckling mode cannot be developed
Local Stability - Section B4 pp 16.1-14

Local Stability:
If elements of cross section are thin LOCAL buckling occurs
The strength corresponding to any buckling mode cannot be developed
Local Stability - Section B4 pp 16.1-14

Stiffened Elements of Cross-Section
Unstiffened Elements of Cross-Section
Local Stability - Section B4 pp 16.1-14

Compact
Section Develops its full plastic stress before buckling
(failure is due to yielding only)

Noncompact
Yield stress is reached in some but not all of its compression elements
before buckling takes place
(failure is due to partial buckling partial yielding)

Slender
Yield stress is never reached in any of the compression elements
(failure is due to local buckling only)
Local Stability - Section B4 pp 16.1-14

If local buckling occurs cross section is not fully effective
Avoid whenever possible
Measure of susceptibility to local buckling
Width-Thickness ratio of each cross sectional element:
If cross section has slender elements - >
r

Reduce Axial Strength (E7 pp 16.1-39 )
Slenderness Parameter - Limiting Values
AISC B5 Table B4.1
pp 16.1-16
Slenderness Parameter - Limiting Values
AISC B5 Table B4.1
pp 16.1-17
Slenderness Parameter - Limiting Values
AISC B5 Table B4.1
pp 16.1-18
Slender Cross Sectional Element:
Strength Reduction E7 pp 16.1-39
Reduction Factor Q:
Q: B4.1 B4.2 pp 16.1-40 to 16.1-43

>
s
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
877 . 0
44 . 0 or
71 . 4 658 . 0
otherwise F
QF F
QF
E
r
KL
if QF
F
e
y e
y
y
F
QF
cr
e
y
Slender Cross Sectional Element:
Strength Reduction E7 pp 16.1-39
Reduction Factor Q:
Q
s
, Q
a
: B4.1 B4.2 pp 16.1-40 to 16.1-43

>
s
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
877 . 0
44 . 0 or
71 . 4 658 . 0
otherwise F
QF F
QF
E
r
KL
if F
F
e
y e
y
y
F
QF
cr
e
y
Q=Q
s
Q
a
COLUMN STABILITY
A. Flexural Buckling
Elastic Buckling
Inelastic Buckling
Yielding
B. Local Buckling Section E7 pp 16.1-39
and B4 pp 16.1-14
C. Torsional, Lateral/Torsional Buckling
Torsional & Flexural Torsional Buckling
When an axially loaded member becomes unstable overall
(no local buckling) it buckles one of the three ways
Flexural Buckling
Torsional Buckling
Flexural-Torsional
Buckling
Torsional Buckling
Twisting about longitudinal axis of member
Only with doubly symmetrical cross sections with slender cross-
sectional elements
Standard Hot-Rolled Shapes are
NOT susceptible
Built-Up Members should be
investigated
Cruciform shape particularly
vulnerable
Flexural Torsional Buckling
Combination of Flexural and Torsional Buckling
Only with unsymmetrical cross sections
1 Axis of Symmetry: channels, structural
tees, double-angle, equal
length single angles
No Axis of Symmetry: unequal length single
angles

Torsional Buckling
( )
y x z
w
e
I I GJ L K
EC
F
+
(

+
=
1
2
2
t
Eq. E4-4
C
w
= Warping Constant (in
6
)
K
z
= Effective Length Factor for Torsional Buckling
(based on end restraints against twisting)
G = Shear Modulus (11,200 ksi for structural steel)
J = Torsional Constant
Lateral Torsional Buckling 1-Axis of Symmetry
(
(

+

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
2
4
1 1
2
ez ey
ez ey ez ey
e
F F
H F F
H
F F
F AISC Eq. E4-5
( )
2
2
y y
ey
r L K
E
F
t
=
( )
2 2
2
1
o
g
z
w
ez
r A
GJ
L K
EC
F
(

+ =
t
2
2 2
1
o
o o
r
y x
H
+
=
g
y x
o o
o
A
I I
y x r
+
+ + =
2 2
2
o o
y x ,
Coordinates of shear center w.r.t centroid of section
Lateral Torsional Buckling No Axis of Symmetry
( )( )( )
( )
( ) 0
2
2
2
2
=
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|

o
o
ex e e
o
o
ey e e
ez e ey e ex e
r
y
F F F
r
x
F F F
F F F F F F
AISC Eq. E4-6
F
e
is the lowest root of the
Cubic equation
In Summary - Definition of F
e
Elastic Buckling Stress corresponding to the controlling mode of
failure (flexural, torsional or flexural torsional)
F
e
:
Theory of Elastic Stability (Timoshenko & Gere 1961)
Flexural Buckling Torsional Buckling
2-axis of symmetry
Flexural Torsional
Buckling
1 axis of symmetry
Flexural Torsional
Buckling
No axis of symmetry
( )
2
2
/ r KL
E
F
e
t
=
AISC Eqtn
E4-4
AISC Eqtn
E4-5
AISC Eqtn
E4-6
Column Strength

>
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
877 . 0
44 . 0 658 . 0
otherwise F
F F if F
F
e
y e y
F
F
cr
e
y
g cr n
A F P =
EXAMPLE
Compute the compressive strength of a WT12x81 of A992 steel.
Assume (K
x
L) = 25.5 ft, (K
y
L) = 20 ft, and (K
z
L)

= 20 ft

200 43 . 87
50 . 3
12 5 . 25
< =

= =
x
x
r
L K
r
KL
OK
43 . 87 113
50
000 , 29
71 . 4 71 . 4 > = =
y
F
E
( ) ( )
ksi 44 . 37
43 . 87
000 , 29
2
2
2
2
= = =
t t
r KL
E
F
e
ksi 59 . 28 ) 50 ( 658 . 0 658 . 0
44 . 37
50
= = =
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
y
F
F
cr
F F
e
y
Inelastic Buckling
FLEXURAL Buckling X axis
WT 12X81
A
g
=23.9 in
2
r
x
=3.50 in

r
y
=3.05 in

kips 3 . 683 ) 9 . 23 ( 59 . 28 = = =
g cr n
A F P
EXAMPLE
200 69 . 78
05 . 3
12 20
< =

=
y
y
r
L K
OK
( ) ( )
ksi 22 . 46
69 . 78
000 , 29
2
2
2
2
= = =
t t
y
y
ey
r L K
E
F
FLEXURAL TORSIONAL Buckling Y axis (axis of symmetry)
WT 12X81
A
g
=23.9 in
2
r
x
=3.50 in

r
y
=3.05 in

y=2.70 in

t
f
=1.22 in

I
x
=293 in
4
I
y
=221 in
4
J=9.22 in
4
C
w
=43.8 in
6
0
0
= x
2
0
f
t
y y =
87 . 25
9 . 23
221 293
) 09 . 2 ( 0
2
2 2
2
=
+
+ + =
+
+ + =
g
y x
o o
o
A
I I
y x r
Shear Center
EXAMPLE
FLEXURAL TORSIONAL Buckling Y axis (axis of symmetry)
WT 12X81
A
g
=23.9 in
2
r
x
=3.50 in

r
y
=3.05 in

y=2.70 in

t
f
=1.22 in

I
x
=293 in
4
I
y
=221 in
4
J=9.22 in
4
C
w
=43.8 in
6
( )
( )( ) | | ( )
ksi
r A
GJ
L K
EC
F
o
g
z
w
ez
4 . 167
87 . 25 9 . 23
1
) 22 . 9 ( 200 , 11
12 20
) 8 . 43 )( 000 , 29 (
1
2 2
2
2 2
2
=
(

+ =
(

+ =
t
t
EXAMPLE
FLEXURAL TORSIONAL Buckling Y axis (axis of symmetry)
WT 12X81
A
g
=23.9 in
2
r
x
=3.50 in

r
y
=3.05 in

y=2.70 in

t
f
=1.22 in

I
x
=293 in
4
I
y
=221 in
4
J=9.22 in
4
C
w
=43.8 in
6
( )
( )( )( )
( )
ksi
F F
H F F
H
F F
F
ez ey
ez ey ez ey
e
63 . 53
4 . 167 22 . 46
8312 . 0 4 . 167 22 . 46 4
1 1
8312 . 0 2
4 . 167 22 . 46
4
1 1
2
2
=
(

+

+
=
(
(

+

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
( )
8312 . 0
87 . 25
090 . 2 0
1 1
2
2
2 2
=
+
=
+
=
o
o o
r
y x
H
EXAMPLE
FLEXURAL TORSIONAL Buckling Y axis (axis of symmetry)
WT 12X81
A
g
=23.9 in
2
r
x
=3.50 in

r
y
=3.05 in

y=2.70 in

t
f
=1.22 in

I
x
=293 in
4
I
y
=221 in
4
J=9.22 in
4
C
w
=43.8 in
6
Elastic or Inelastic LTB?
63 . 43 0 . 22 ) 50 ( 44 . 0 44 . 0 = < = =
e y
F ksi F

>
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
877 . 0
44 . 0 658 . 0
otherwise F
F F if F
F
e
y e y
F
F
cr
e
y
EXAMPLE
FLEXURAL TORSIONAL Buckling Y axis (axis of symmetry)
WT 12X81
A
g
=23.9 in
2
r
x
=3.50 in

r
y
=3.05 in

y=2.70 in

t
f
=1.22 in

I
x
=293 in
4
I
y
=221 in
4
J=9.22 in
4
C
w
=43.8 in
6
ksi
F F
y
F
F
cr
e
y
59 . 28 50 658 . 0
658 . 0
63 . 43
50
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
kips 7 . 739 ) 70 . 2 ( 95 . 30 = = =
g cr n
A F P
Compare to FLEXURAL Buckling X axis
kips 3 . 683 ) 9 . 23 ( 82 . 21 = = =
g cr n
A F P
Column Design Tables
Assumption : Strength Governed by Flexural Buckling
Check Local Buckling
Column Design Tables

Design strength of selected shapes for effective length KL
Table 4-1 to 4-2, (pp 4-10 to 4-316)

Critical Stress for Slenderness KL/r
table 4.22 pp (4-318 to 4-322)
EXAMPLE
Compute the available compressive strength of a W14x74 A992 steel
compression member. Assume pinned ends and L=20 ft. Use (a) Table 4-
22 and (b) column load tables
(a) LRFD - Table 4-22 pp 4-318
200 77 . 96
48 . 2
) 12 )( 20 )( 1 (
Maximum < = = =
y
r
KL
r
KL
Table has integer values of (KL/r) Round up or interpolate
Fy=50 ksi
ksi P
cr
67 . 22 = |
ksi A P P
g cr n
494 ) 8 . 21 ( 67 . 22 = = = | |
EXAMPLE
Compute the available compressive strength of a W14x74 A992 steel
compression member. Assume pinned ends and L=20 ft. Use (a) Table 4-
22 and (b) column load tables
(b) LRFD Column Load Tables
ft KL 20 ) 20 )( 1 ( Maximum = =
Tabular values based on minimum radius of gyration
Fy=50 ksi
kips P
n c
494 = |
Example II
A W12x58, 24 feet long in pinned at both ends and braced in the weak
direction at the third points. A992 steel is used. Determine available
compressive strength
200 25 . 38
51 . 2
) 12 )( 8 ( 1
< = =
y
y
r
L K
200 55 . 54
28 . 5
) 12 )( 24 ( 1
< = =
x
x
r
L K
Enter table 4.22 with KL/r=54.55 (LRFD)
28 . 5 =
x
r
51 . 2 =
y
r
ksi P
cr
24 . 36 = |
kips
A P P
g cr n
616
) 17 ( 24 . 36
=
= = | |
17 =
g
A
Example II
A W12x58, 24 feet long in pinned at both ends and braced in the weak
direction at the third points. A992 steel is used. Determine available
compressive strength
200 25 . 38
51 . 2
) 12 )( 8 ( 1
< = =
y
y
r
L K
200 55 . 54
28 . 5
) 12 )( 24 ( 1
< = =
x
x
r
L K
Enter table 4.22 with KL/r=54.55 (ASD)
28 . 5 =
x
r
51 . 2 =
y
r
ksi
F
c
cr
09 . 24 =
O
kips A
F P
g
c
cr
c
n
410 =
O
=
O
17 =
g
A
Example II
A W12x58, 24 feet long in pinned at both ends and braced in the weak
direction at the third points. A992 steel is used. Determine available
compressive strength
200 25 . 38
51 . 2
) 12 )( 8 ( 1
< = =
y
y
r
L K
200 55 . 54
28 . 5
) 12 )( 24 ( 1
< = =
x
x
r
L K
CAN I USE Column Load Tables?
y x
x
r r
L K
KL =
Not Directly because they are
based on min r (y axis buckling)
If x-axis buckling enter table with
Example II
A W12x58, 24 feet long in pinned at both ends and braced in the weak
direction at the third points. A992 steel is used. Determine available
compressive strength
200 25 . 38
51 . 2
) 12 )( 8 ( 1
< = =
y
y
r
L K
200 55 . 54
28 . 5
) 12 )( 24 ( 1
< = =
x
x
r
L K X-axis buckling enter table with
ft
r r
L K
KL
y x
x
43 . 11
1 . 2
) 24 )( 1 (
= = =
kips P
n
616 = |