Solar & Renewable Energy in India

by

Dr. S. INIYAN
B.E (Mechanical. Engg.), M.E. Ph.D (Energy Management)

Professor and Director Institute for Energy Studies Anna University Chennai 600 025
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MAJOR ENERGY TYPES

Non conventional energy Non commercial energy

Conventional energy Commercial energy

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RENEWABLE ENERGY POTENTIAL IN INDIA

SL NO 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6 7. 8. 9. 10. SOURCE /TECHNOLOGY Biogas Plants Biomass based Power Efficient Woodstoves Solar Energy Small Hydro Wind Energy Energy from Urban and Industrial Waste Ocean Thermal Sea Wave Power Tidal Power POTENTIAL

12 Million 17,000 MW

120 Million
5x10^15 kWhr/year 10,000 MW 50,000 MW 1,700 MW 50,000 MW 20,000 MW 10,000 MW

SPV Solar Photovoltaic SWH Solar Water Heater SC Solar Cooker 3 3

CUMULATIVE ACHIEVEMENTS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY PROGRAMMES IN INDIA

Target for Achievement Total achievement Cumulative 2011-12 during the during 2011-12 achievement month up to 31.12.2012 August, 2011 I. POWER FROM RENEWABLES: A. GRID-INTERACTIVE POWER (CAPACITIES IN MW) Wind Power 2400 266.00 833.00 17,352 Small Hydro Power 350 21.00 111.30 3395 Biomass Power Bagasse Cogeneration Waste to Power -Urban -Industrial Solar Power (SPV) Total 200 3435 325.70 460 25.00 12.5 1.20 25 8.50 1152.00 86.50 111.50 1.20 Renewable Energy Programme/ Systems

3224 1779.03 20.20 53.46 1028 25,856.14

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CUMULATIVE ACHIEVEMENTS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY PROGRAMMES IN INDIA .. Contd

Target for Achievement Total achievement 2011-12 during the during 2011-12 month August, 2011 B. OFF-GRID/ CAPTIVE POWER (CAPACITIES IN MWEQ) Waste to Energy -Urban -Industrial Biomass(non-bagasse) Cogeneration 80.00 10.18 31.99 Renewable Energy Programme/ Systems Cumulative achievement

up to 31.08.2011

3.50 72.30

15.00
0.75 2.55

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Indian Fuel Mix

(as on 31.12.12) Fuel Total Thermal Coal Gas Oil MW
1,40,976.18 1,20,873.38 18,903.05 1,199.75

% share
66.77 57.29 8.96 0.56

Hydro (Renewable)
Nuclear Renewable Energy TOTAL

39,339.40
4780.00 25,856.14 2,10,951.72

18.94
2.26 12.25 100.00
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ELECTRIC POWER
Current Capacity : 2,07,876.04(utility) 5th largest in the world Low per capita electricity consumption
India china United Kingdom World 778.63 kWh 3.493 kWh 5497 kWh 2850 kWh

Peak shortage ~ 15% 800,000 MW in 2030 40

~ 25,000 MW per year

Environmental concerns
India 3rd largest emitter of CO2 behind China and US 38% of emissions from power sector

Energy security concerns

67% power from coal-based thermal plants - need to depend on imports Prototype breeder reactors to exploit thorium reserves

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ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS : GHG EMISSIONS IN INDIA (2007)

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PROJECTED FUEL MIX IN 2020

Required capacity in 2020 assuming 8% growth = 387,280 MW

Source : Interim report, Planning commission 2011

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WIND POWER

Power proportional to V 3
Cost of generation reasonable: ~ Rs 3 per kWh
Economics sensitive to wind speeds

India - 5th in wind capacity

China US Germany

62,733MW 46,919 MW 29,060 MW

World total installed 238,351 MW

India:

Spain
India Potential: 50,000 MW based on hub height of 50 m and 2% land usage Recent studies offer reassessed potential at 80m 6-7% land usage
Onshore - 676, 000 MW Offshore - 214,000 MW

21,674 MW
16,084 MW

Intermittent; grid stability is a concern

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BIOFUEL POTENTIAL
Indias total land area
Cultivated Cultivable wasteland Rice Wheat

328 million hectares ( mha )

142 mha 30 mha 40 mha 26 mha

Hazardous to divert agricultural area for bio-fuels. If entire wasteland used for growing bio-fuels,
Produce about 30 million tons of bio-oil 10% of oil demand by 2031.

Advisable to cultivate on such a large area?

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ETHANOL OPPORTUNITIES
Increase yield of sugarcane using drip irrigation & fertigation
Present average yield Using drip irrigation & fertigation ~ 80 tons per ha 150 tons per ha

Sweet sorghum
Less water intensive than sugarcane Two crops a year

Cellulosic ethanol from agro - forest residues such as bagasse, rice husk, wood chips, crop residues
Technology needs to be developed
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SOLAR POWER
JNNSM launched in 2010 targets 22,000 MW by 2022
Phase 1 ( until March 2013) Target of 1300 MW : 800 MW PV and 500 MW CSP

25 years of guaranteed feed in tariff

Off-grid PV Target of 2000 MW by 2022 Rural applications where grid is unviable or unreachable Challenges High nominal cost of generation : ~ Rs 15 per kWh Water scarcity issues for CSP Requirement of skilled personnel
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ELECTRICITY GENERATION COSTS : COMPARISON

Source : LBNL, CERC , CSTEP & NPCIL

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LAND REQUIRED ( HA / 1000 MW )

Source : NPCIL & CSTEP

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AREAS OF RESEARCH
1 Energy Efficient Building Concept Buildings / Green

2 Energy Auditing 3 Alternate Fuels 4 Biomethanation 5 Biomass Gasification

a) b) c) Thermal Cold Storage Power
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AREAS OF RESEARCH
6 Biomass 7 Thermal Energy Storage Extraction Systems Cogeneration & Power Plant

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9

Energy
Solar

Systems

Modeling

a)
b) c)

Electrical
Thermal Cold Storage
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10 Wind Energy

ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN BUILDINGS & GREEN BUILDING

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BIO DIESEL

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TRANSPORTATION

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THERMAL

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PRODUCER GAS

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THERMAL

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Dyeing thro Gasifier

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ELECTRICAL

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COOLING

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BIO GAS

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COOKING

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POWER GENERATION

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CHILLING

Biogas Operated Single Pressure

Refrigerator
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BIOMASS GASIFICATION
(As a source of alternate fuel )

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WATER HEATING

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AIR DRYING

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COLD STORAGE APPLICATION

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CHILLER

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PARABOLIC TROUGH COLLECTOR FOR COOKING

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PARABOLIC TROUGH COLLECTOR FOR COOKING

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Schematic diagram of the experimental setup

Schematic of experimental setup: (1) parabolic trough collector (2) TES tank (3) cooking unit (4) positive displacement pump (5) double pipe heat exchanger (6) water tank (7) data acquisition unit (8) computer 38 (9) valve

Photographic view of the Experiment Setup Components

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

a. PTC b. PCM tank c. PCM balls d. Thermocouples e. Pump f. Cooking units g. Double pipe heat exchanger h. Data Acquisition System

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Specification of PTC
Collector aperture area ( Aa ) Collector length ( L ) Collector aperture ( Wa ) Absorber tube diameter (d) Focal distance ( f ) 7.5 m2 3.00 m 2.5 m

0.06m
0.976 m 12 Mechanical (Semi Automatic) 6 mm thick Saint Gobain glass

Concentration ratio
Tracking Mechanism Collector Material Absorber tube material

Stainless Steel coated with

heat resistant black paint
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Support structure material

Mild steel

HTF AND PCM PROPERTIES

Therminol 55 (H T F) D-Mannitol (PCM)

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Description of Experimental Setup

Thermal Energy Storage Tank
Height of the Tank = 1100 mm

Diameter of the Tank

PCM : D-Mannitol Diameter of the PCM balls Mass of the PCM No. of PCM balls [plastic] Mass of the HTF in system

550 mm
HTF : Therminol 55

= = = =

88 mm 25 Kg 260 nos 200 Litre

Insulation 6 Layers of Glass wool of 1 thick

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Description of Experimental Setup

Tawa unit
Outer diameter Inner diameter = = 350 mm 290 mm

Diameter of the inlet and outlet pipe

Height of outlet from from top surface

=
=

12.7 mm
60 mm

Flat plate unit

Length Width Annular gap = = = 400 mm 400 mm 50 mm
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Method of PCM Encapsulation

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CONCENTRATING PHOTOVOLTAIC/THERMAL COLLECTOR

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CONCENTRATING PV/T SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS

Collector aperture area (Aa) PV cell area Area occupied by each collector 6.6m2 475cm2 2.2m2

No of hybrid (PV/T) receivers

No of purely thermal receivers Optical efficiency No of PV cells Concentration Ratio Reflectivity Tracking mechanism

1
2 99% 25 37 93.5% Single axis tracking (manual)
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 At standard test conditions (with direct beam radiation of 1000W/m2, at an ambient temperature of 25oC), The electrical efficiency was found to be around 10-12% and The thermal efficiency was around 54-64%.
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PERFORMANCE AND RELIABILITY ANALYSIS FOR WIND FORM

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POTENTIAL

R & D DOMAINS

New and affordable materials for photovoltaic Clean coal technologies; carbon capture and

sequestration
Low-speed wind power Cellulosic ethanol Efficient and affordable hybrids, electric vehicles Energy storage efficient batteries and condensers

Demand side management of power

Trained human resource
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HOW TO GROW AND BE SUSTAINABLE ?

How do we grow to ~ 2,000 billion kWh by 2020

How do we get 3,00 billion kWh of low-carbon power?

What fuel options & technologies?
Wind Nuclear

Solar
Hydro Bio-fuels Carbon Sequestration Hydrogen & fuel cells Hybrid cars

Investments, research, policies?

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Anna University Chennai, INDIA

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