9 Transmissão

Instrumentao Industrial
Dep. Eng.
Electrotcnica
Transmisso
Dep. Eng.
Electrotcnica
Dep. Eng.
Electrotcnica
S/H A
ADC S/H A
sensor
sensor
ADC
Dep. Eng.
Electrotcnica
Elctrico
0 10 V
4-20 mA
Digital

Pneumtico (0,2 a1 bar)
Standard Types of Electrical Signals
0 1000 millivolts (mV)
0 20 milliamps (mA)
4 20 milliamps (mA)
0 10 volts
2 10 volts
-10 to +10 vollts
Dep. Eng.
Electrotcnica
Sinal
Analgico
Analgico
Digital
Digital
Transmisso
Analgico
Digital
Analgico
Digital
Ex.
Rdio
Telefone
Wireless/Modem
Ethernet
Amplitude (AM)

Frequncia (FM)

Fase (PM)
Distncia
Qualidade
Versatilidade
Digital ou (ainda...) Analgico ?
Dep. Eng.
Electrotcnica
digital
Distinguir entre 4-20 mA
analgico
Transmisso de sinais por corrente
Dep. Eng.
Electrotcnica
Transmisso analgica
Dep. Eng.
Electrotcnica
4-20 mA Analgico
Princpio de funcionamento
1) Conversor ?? I
2) Conversor I V
3) Alimentao
V
min
mnimo necessrio para assegurar a transmisso dos 4-20 mA

V
max
mxima capacidade de dissipao
Dep. Eng.
Electrotcnica
sensor
I / V
V / I
sensor
V
e
= E (R
x
I)
8 V
mnimo
50 O
2
5
0

O

V
e

4 1
250
20 5
mA V
V
mA V
=
=
50 O
3 3 3
250 20.10 50 20.10 8 50 20.10
e
V

= + + +
5 1 8 1 15
e
V V > + + + >
4-20 mA Analgico
Dimensionamento da fonte de alimentao
Dep. Eng.
Electrotcnica
+
-
v
in

Z
L

i
L
= 4 ... 20 mA
R
1 ... 5 V
V
in
= 5 V V
+
= 5 V = V

5 V
250 O
mA I 20
250
5
= =
como I
g
~ 0 I ~ I
Z

V
in
= 1 V I =1/250 = 4 mA
Como V
+
~ V
, indiferente o valor de Z
L

Apenas necessrio que o AmpOp tenha
potncia suficiente para manter os 20 mA
250 O
Another name for this circuit is transconductanceamplifier. In electronics, transconductance is the mathematical ratio of current change divided by voltage change
(I / V), and it is measured in the unit of Siemens, the same unit used to express conductance (the mathematical reciprocal of resistance: current/voltage).
In this circuit, the transconductance ratio is fixed by the value of the 250 resistor, giving a linear current-out/voltage-in relationship.
4-20 mA Analgico
Implementao com AmpOp
Dep. Eng.
Electrotcnica
Loop-Powered 420 mA Sensor Transmitter
4-20 mA Analgico
Exemplo
Dep. Eng.
Electrotcnica
+
-
v
in

i
L
= 4 ... 20 mA
R
2
5
0

O

R
Linha

2
5
0

O

V / I
I / V
Alimentao (V) e sinal (I) podem utilizar os mesmos 2 fios
No necessria alimentao precisa e estvel
sinal de tenso (I
sinal
x R
carga
) independente das variaes de tenso e da resistncia da linha
Insensibilidade s quedas de tenso (RxI) grandes distncias
Imunidade ao rudo ( )
Potncia (para o sinal) pode ser fornecida remotamente (localizao da fonte de alimentao)
Ligao possvel de vrias cargas em srie
4-20 mA Analgico
Vantagens
Dep. Eng.
Electrotcnica
Transmisso digital
Dep. Eng.
Electrotcnica
Digital
0
1
digital analgico
Dep. Eng.
Electrotcnica
+0,5 mA
-0,5 mA
0
1.200 Hz
1
2.200 Hz
0
Sinal analgico
HART (Highway Addressable Remote Transducer)
Sobreposio de comunicao digital na comunicao analgica 4-20mA
FSK Frequency Shift Keyed
Valor mdio = 0 no afecta o sinal analgico
Velocidade de transmisso de 1200 Baud
(*)
1 0 0 1 1
20 mA
4 mA
(*)
number of distinct symbol changes (signalling events) made to the transmission medium per second.
diferente de bps (bits por segundo)
Dep. Eng.
Electrotcnica
preamble start address command bytecount [status] data data checksum
1 1..5
5..20
(xFF)
1 1
[2]
(slave response)
0..25
(recommended)
1
Hart frame format (character-oriented):
preamble start address command bytecount [status] data data checksum
1 1..5
5..20
(xFF)
1 1
[2]
(slave response)
0..25
(recommended)
1
Hart frame format (character-oriented):
Master
Indication
Slave
Request
Confirmation
Response
time-out
com
m
and
response
Master
Indication
Slave
Request
Confirmation
Response
time-out
com
m
and
response
O escravo s responde,
quando interrogado pelo mestre
Dep. Eng.
Electrotcnica
(+ info): http://www.thehartbook.com/default.htm
Dep. Eng.
Electrotcnica
Transmisso de sinais por tenso
Analgico

Digital
Dep. Eng.
Electrotcnica
RS-232 sinais so referidos a uma terra Ligao ponto-a-ponto (DTE/DCE)
Rudo ! Rudo

RS-422 sinais so diferenciais (2 linhas p/ transmisso + 2 p/ recepo)

Ligao ponto-a-ponto

RS-485 melhoramento do RS-422

Ligao multiponto
Interfaces
- Srie:
Dep. Eng.
Electrotcnica
RS-232
Single-ended [terra (referncia) comum]
Representao da informao por tenso
0 +3 a +12 V
1 -3 a -12 V
2
3
5
(hoje: EIA232F)
Dep. Eng.
Electrotcnica
RS-422/485
Transmissor Receptor
Transmissor Receptor
A
B
A
B
422
485
" 0 " 200
" 1 " 200
s
+ >
mV V V
mV V V
B A
B A
mente) (aleatria " 1 " " 0 " 200 200 ou mV V V mV
B A
+ < <
Dep. Eng.
Electrotcnica
Dep. Eng.
Electrotcnica
USB (Universal Serial Bus)
maior velocidade de transmisso
(1)
facilidade de instalao (plug&play)
possibilidade de mtiplos dispositivos em cada porto
capacidade de fornecer potncia para alimentao de dispositivos
Dispositivo
USB
Porto
USB
5 m (mx)
(1)
USB 1 - 1,5 / 12 Mbits/s
USB 2 - 1,5 / 12 / 480 Mbits/s
USB 3 - 10 x mais rpida
Dep. Eng.
Electrotcnica
Dep. Eng.
Electrotcnica
1
General Purpose Intrumentation Bus
Interfaces
- Paralelo:
IEEE-488 (GPIB
1
)
(= porta paralelo/impressora)
Simplifica a ligao de instrumentos programveis
Permite ligar instrumentos de fabricantes diferentes a um cabo standard
Dep. Eng.
Electrotcnica
Controle,
Fala, Escuta
Fala, Escuta
Fala, Escuta
Fala, Escuta
Controlador
.
.
.
Dispositivo 1
Dispositivo 2
Dispositivo n (s15)
<

2

m

<

2
0

m

IEEE 488 Bus concept
8 data lines
5 interface
management lines
3 handshaking lines
Signal
Dep. Eng.
Electrotcnica
700 Series 600 & 3000 Series 3000 & 4000 Series 1500 & 3000 Series 1500 & 3000 Series 500 Series Microlink Hardware
No Yes Yes Yes No No Computer Adaptor
8 29 per cable segment 14 per cable 31 per cable 1 per cable
depends on
no. of slots
Number of Devices
80 36 000 1 MHz 700 700 250 000 Max Speed samples/sec
5 m
per cable segment
185 m
per cable segment
2 m 1000 m 50 m 0 m Max Distance
USB ETHERNET GPIB RS485 RS232 INTERNAL
700 Series 600 & 3000 Series 3000 & 4000 Series 1500 & 3000 Series 1500 & 3000 Series 500 Series Microlink Hardware
No Yes Yes Yes No No Computer Adaptor
8 29 per cable segment 14 per cable 31 per cable 1 per cable
depends on
no. of slots
Number of Devices
80 36 000 1 MHz 700 700 250 000 Max Speed samples/sec
5 m
per cable segment
185 m
per cable segment
2 m 1000 m 50 m 0 m Max Distance
USB ETHERNET GPIB RS485 RS232 INTERNAL
Dep. Eng.
Electrotcnica
PWM (Pulse Width Modulation)
Se > 1 (seno 0)
Dep. Eng.
Electrotcnica
Valor mdio
Dep. Eng.
Electrotcnica
Dep. Eng.
Electrotcnica
SPAN
OFFSET
10% 80%
A
B
C
C A
C B
cycle duty
= " "
T
ON
t
T
=
Dep. Eng.
Electrotcnica
Deteco V
L
V
H
{
Inicia timer t;
}

Deteco V
H
V
L

{
Pra timer t;
}

V
IN
=
f = 20 kHz
50 s
50 s AV
mx

t V
IN

s
V t
mx
50
A
Reconstruco do sinal
Dep. Eng.
Electrotcnica
Simplex
Um nico sentido

Half duplex
Dois sentidos, mas apenas um de cada vez

Full duplex
Dois sentidos simultneamente
Dep. Eng.
Electrotcnica
Comprimento
da ligao
Amplitude
do sinal (V)
f (d)
Dep. Eng.
Electrotcnica
Linhas de transmisso
2
L
2
R
2
L
2
R
C
G
0
j L R
Z
j C G
e
e
+
=
+
G representa as perdas capacitivas
[.../m]
(dependente de f )
Dep. Eng.
Electrotcnica
Jitter
At the Digital Out of a $100 CD-player we have the same 1's and 0's as we do in the $30,000 player.
The only difference is in the Jitter content.
The presence of Jitter means that the data (the 1's and the 0's) is not perfectly time-aligned,
but is transmitted either slightly earlier or later than it should be in the ideal case
Dep. Eng.
Electrotcnica
1 Mbps sinal problemtico
3,4 Mbps sinal irrecupervel
Dep. Eng.
Electrotcnica
Tipo Velocidade Distncia
RS-232 < 20 kbps < 15 m
RS-485 < 10 Mbps < 600 m
IEEE-488 < 1Mbps < 4 m
4-20 mA < 19,2 kbps < 610 m
Regra heurstica: Data rate [bits/s] x Comprimento [m] s 10
8
50 m f s 20 MHz
(c/ par tranado de qualidade standard)
Dep. Eng.
Electrotcnica
Outras formas de comunicao de dados: Redes Industriais (3A/2S)
RS-232
RS-485
Current Loop
RS-485
Fiber Optics
Modbus
Data Highway + /DH485
HART
ASI Bus
DeviceNet
Profibus PA/DP/FMS
Foundation Fieldbus
Industrial Ethernet
TCP/IP
Radio and Wireless
Seven Layer OSI Network Model
Dep. Eng.
Electrotcnica
Single ended Diferential ended
Dep. Eng.
Electrotcnica
PXI (PCI eXtensions for Instrumentation)
designed for measurement and automation applications that require high-performance and a rugged industrial form-factor
PXI combines PCI electrical-bus features with the rugged, modular, Eurocard packaging of CompactPCI, and then adds specialized
synchronization buses and key software features
Dep. Eng.
Electrotcnica
PXI systems are comprised of three basic components chassis, system controller, and peripheral modules

9 Transmissão

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9 Transmissão

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Instrumentao Industrial

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