Under Standing With Meths

Essential Mathematics
For Decision Making

By,
Yaseen Ahmed Meenai
Faculty, DMS-FCS-IBA
Decision Making Skills needs Maths
Where is The Decision System?
It is a built-in system present inside the frontal Lobe of
our Brain
We mammalians are social creatures and we owe this
system mostly to our frontal lobes
We would not want to act socially inappropriate; thanks
to our frontal lobes. Such as loosing our empathy
Frontal Lobe of the brain completes in 20s of an average
human.
So what can we see in a patient when the frontal lobe, a
part of it per say, is injured
1- Attention deficits 2-Disinhibition;social inappropriateness
http://kaanyucel.wordpress.com/2010/01/10/frontal-lobe-syndromes-
another-person-in-the-same-body/
How we can accelerate the frontal
Lobe Usage??
We can enhance our Decision System by
means of exercising the Logical Thinking
practices.
There is a difference b/w Thinking and
Logical Thinking
By Thinking Logically; we can minimize the
TIME and EFFORT for completion of any
assigned task.
Logical Thinking motivation
Drawing a FISH can help us understanding the
logical thinking:

Now, try to re-draw the same fish, but without
lifting your pen once it touches the paper and
without striking out any of your drew line.

Logical Thinking Motivation from
WEB
There are so many websites containing similar
stuff. By writing Logical Problems in Google, we
can find such sites.
One of the useful link is
http://www.lumosity.com
We can access several Math & Logical Problems
on www.indiabix.com
Or even One can play simple games for Charging
Brain: http://www.proprofs.com/games/crazy-taxi/

Logical Thinking through the Venn
diagram
A Venn diagram is a rectangular area showing
the Sample Space & having some circles inside
(usually overlapped) which are showing the
Events.
S={a,b,c,d,.,n}
A={a,b,c,f,g,h}
B={c,d,e,g,h,i}
C={f,g,h,I,j,k}
a,b
c
d,e
f
g,h
i
J,k
l,m,n
A
B
C
S
Logical Operations ( )
A Union ( ) is consideration of all elements by
showing duplicates; once.
AB = {a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i}
An Intersection () is the
common elements collection
A B = {c,g,h}
Whats A ??
A = not(A) = S A
A= {d,e,i,j,k,l,m,n}

a,b
c
d,e
f
g,h
i
J,k
l,m,n
A
B
C
S
Shading the Venn Diagram
For AB, it should be
A
B
C
S

For A , it should be


For AB , it should be
The Demorgans Law

Background of Mathematics
In stone ages, Mankind used to count objects
by repeating the same accordingly. i.e.
If anyone had seen 4 birds, he would have
shared his knowledge to someone else like;
I Saw Bird Bird Bird and Bird
But that method definitely fails if anyone had
seen 100 birds.. !!!!
That problem led mankind to discover
numbers like 0,1,2,3,9.
Background of Mathematics
Soon after discovering numbers, data
collection was started.
After plotting the data, humans started
observing trends and hence Mathematical
Functions were derived.

Time Population
Year1 2130
Year2 4230
Year3 14500
Year4 25800
0
10000
20000
30000
Year1 Year2 Year3 Year4
Population
Population
Mathematical Functions
The whole Science of Mathematics based on 3
types of Functions:
1) Algebraic functions

2) Exponential or Log Fn(s)

3) Trigonometric Functions

Polynomial is an algebraic function which
can attain any shape.
-100
-50
0
50
100
-10 -5 0 5 10
f(x)=quad
f(x)=quad
f(x)=cubic
0
10
20
30
40
0 2 4
f(x)=log(x)
f(x)=exp(x)
-2
-1
0
1
2
-10 -5 0 5 10
f(x)=sin(x)
Types of Numbers
Types of Numbers
Natural numbers. A natural number is a number
that comes naturally. These are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
and so on into infinity. We use natural numbers
to count items and to make lists.
Whole numbers. Whole numbers are just all the
natural numbers plus a zero: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and
so on into infinity
Integers. Integers can be described as being
positive and negative whole numbers: 3, 2,
1, 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . .
Types of Numbers
Rational numbers. Rational numbers are numbers that
act rationally! The decimal ends somewhere, or it has a
repeating pattern to it. 2, 3.4, 5.77623, and 4.5, or
3.164164164 or 0.666666 etc.
Irrational numbers. Irrational numbers are the
opposite of rational numbers. An irrational number
cannot be written as a fraction, and decimal values for
irrationals never end and never have a nice pattern to
them. For example, pi, with its never-ending decimal
places, is irrational. t=3.14159265358979 or \2 is also
an irrational number.

Types of Numbers
Even numbers. An even number is one that
divides evenly by two, such as 2, 4, 6, 8, 10.
Odd numbers. An odd number is one that
does not divide evenly by two, such as 1, 3, 5,
7, 9,..
Prime numbers. Its a number which can
either be divided by itself or 1, such as 1, 3, 5,
7, 11, 13, 17
Warm up with Math Operations
Suppose we have a task to solve the following
expression:
2+2*2/2-2=???
Dont you think that this would be better
using parenthesis ( )?? Look at it again.
2+(2*2)/2-2 =2+4/2-2 =2+2-2 =2 OR
2+2(2/2)-2 =2+2*1-2 =2+2-2 =2
Warm up with Math Operations
Here is another puzzle.
Put the arithmetic notations like ( + , - , x, ) and by adjusting
parenthesis to prove the following:
(5 _ 5 _ 5 _ 5) = 30 ???
Here is the solution:
(5+5/5) x 5 = (5+1) x 5 = 6 x 5 = 30
Remember if we wrongly place those parenthesis:
5+(5/5x5) = 5+(1x5) = 5+5 = 10
Or even without parenthesis:
5+5/5x5 = 5+1x5 =5+5 = 10
Its is due to the BODMAS rule (Brackets Orders
Division or Multiplication, Addition or Subtraction)
http://www.mathsisfun.com/operation-order-bodmas.html
BODMAS (Bracket, Order, Division or
Multiplication, Addition or Subtraction)
If we have following expression:
30 5 x 3 = ????
Since Division and Multiplication rank equally
then In this case we always be CORRECT if we
proceed from Left to Right i.e.
30 5 x 3 = 6 x 3 = 18
Solution from Right to Left will give you the
Wrong answer.
30 5 x 3 = 30 15 = 2 (Wrong)

Example: How do you work out 3 + 6 2 ?
Multiplication before Addition:
First 6 2 = 12, then 3 + 12 = 15
Example: How do you work out (3 + 6) 2 ?
Brackets first:
First (3 + 6) = 9, then 9 2 = 18
Example: How do you work out 12 / 6 3 / 2 ?
Multiplication and Division rank equally, so just
go left to right:
First 12 / 6 = 2, then 2 3 = 6, then 6 / 2 = 3

Oh, yes, and what about 7 + (6 5
2
+ 3) ?
Start inside Brackets, and then use "Orders" First
7 + (6 5
2
+ 3) =7 + (6 25 + 3)
Then Multiply 7 + (150 + 3)
Then Add 7 + (153)
7 + 153
Brackets completed, last operation is,
Add 160 DONE !
What is the value of 3 + 6 3 2 ?
A. 7 B. 6 C. 4 D. 1.5
What is the value of 5 3 - 12 4 + 8
A. 3 B. 4 C. 14 D. 20
What is the value of 5 4 - 2 3 + 16 4
A. 10 B. 11 C. 18 D. 34
What is the value of 30 - (5 2
3
- 15)?
A. -25 B. 5 C. 15 D. -15
Equalities and Inequalities
We have certain Symbols to compare two numbers:
a = b means a is equals to b ____a=b_____->
a > b means a is greater then b ____b___a___->
a < b means a is less than b ____a___b___->
a > b means a is greater than or equals to b
a s b means a is less than or equals to b
a = b means a is equals to b
a ~ b means a is approximately equals to b
Terms, Expressions and Equations
A Mathematical Term could be a number or a general
value. For e.g. 2 is a term, 2a is a term as well (where
a is any unknown number)
A group of terms can make an expression, for e.g.
2a+3, 3a-2b etc. are examples of expressions.
The difference between Mathematical Expression
and a Mathematical Equation is the equals to sign
which is absent in Expressions and present in
Equations.
For e.g., 2a+3b is an expression and 2a+3b=5 is an
equation.

Solving Expressions (pg. 37)
Evaluate the following if, p=2 , q=3 and r= - 4 :
(i) p q + r
Ans. Is 2
(ii) p q / r
Ans. Is -3/2
(iii) (p + q) / r
Ans. Is -5/4
(iv) p + q/r
Ans. Is +5/4

(v) (p q)
--------------
(1/p + 1/q)
Ans. is -6/5
(vi) (1/p 1/r )
---------------
(p + r)
Ans. is -3/8
Problems with Inequalities (pg. 35)
Determine values of x which satisfy the following:
(i) x+1 > 0
Ans. Is x > -1

(i) X - 2 > 0
(ii) Ans. Is x > +2

(iii) 1 2x s 0
Sol
1 s +2x => 1/2 s x
x > +1/2

(iv) (x+1)(x-2) > 0 ??
-1 0 +1 ..
0 +1 +2 ..
0 +1 +2 ..
(iv) (x+1)(x-2) > 0
Sol.
x
2
-x-2 > 0
Therefore,
x < -1 or x > +2

-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
-4 -2 0 2 4 6
f(x)
x -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
f(x) 4 1.75 0 -1.25 -2 -2.25 -2 -1.25 0 1.75 4
(iv) (x + 1)
-------- < 0
(x 2)
Since we know,
+ve / +ve > 0
-ve / -ve > 0
+ve / -ve < 0
-ve / +ve < 0

The best matching possibility is:
+ve / -ve < 0
Therefore,
x+1 > 0 and x-2 < 0
x > -1 and x < +2

0 +1 +2 .. -1
Problems with Modulus (pg. 36)
What is Modulus?? For e.g. |A| = +A
|-2|= + 2
|+2|= - 2
Wrong..
|+2|is also +2
So, where is its practical implementation??
So while computing distance or the error margin, we
mostly ignore the sign.
For e.g. |Theoretical Value Empirical Value | = error
Evaluate the following when x = - 2, 0 , +1/2 and +2:
(i) | x + 1 |
Ans is 1 , 1 , 3/2 , 3
(ii) | x - 1 |
Ans is 3 , 1 , 1/2 , 1
(iii) | 2 - x |
Ans is 4 , 2 , 3/2 , 0
(iv) || x + 1 | - |x 1|| + |2 x|
Ans is 6, 2 , 5/2, 2

Evaluate the following when x = - 2, 0 , +1/2 and +2:
(v) || x + 1 | + |x 1|| - |2 x|
Sol.
For x= - 2,
|| - 2 + 1 | + |- 2 1|| - |2 ( - 2)|
|| - 1| + |- 3|| - |2 + 2|
| + 1 + 3| - |4|
| +4| - |4| = +4 4 = 0
Ans are 0, 0 , 1/2, 4

Inequalities with Modulus
There are three possible cases in this situation
Case No. 1:
For e.g. if |x+a| > 3 is required to be solved
In case of the greater-than sign, we always have
following two possibilities;
(x+a) > + 3 and (x+a) < -3
Therefore the two solutions will be:
x > 3 a and x < -3 a
Outer range
3 - a .. -3 - a
Problems with inequalities and
Modulus (pg. 36)
5. Determine all values of x such that:
(v) |3x - 1| > 2
This is the 1
st
case, we will have following two cases;
(3x - 1) > + 2 and (3x - 1) s -2
3x > 2 + 1 and 3x s -2 + 1
x > 3/3 = 1 and x s -1 / 3
Outer range

+1 .. -1/3
Case No. 2:
For e.g. if |x+a| < 3 is required to be solved
In the case of less-than sign, it will create a bound;
- 3 < (x+a) < + 3
- 3 < x + a and x + a < + 3
- 3 a < x and x < + 3 a
x > - 3 a and x < + 3 a
Inner range
3 - a .. -3 - a
Modulus (pg. 36)
(ii) |x + 1| s 2
This is the 2
nd
case, it will create a bound;
- 2 s (x+1) s + 2
- 2 s x + 1 and x + 1 s + 2
- 2 1 s x and x s + 2 1
x > - 3 and x s + 1
Inner range

+1 .. -3
Case No. 3:
For e.g. if |x+a| = 3 is required to be solved
In the case of equals to sign, it will be;
x + a = -3 or x + a = + 3
x = - 3 - a and x = + 3 a

two exact values
3 - a .. -3 - a
Modulus (pg. 36)
(iv) |2x + 1| = 2
This is the 3
rd
case, we will have following two
possibilities;
2x + 1 = -2 or 2x + 1 = + 2
2x = - 2 - 1 and 2x = + 2 1
2x = - 3 and 2x = + 1
x = - 3/2 and x = + 1/2
two exact values
+1/2 .. -3/2
A Factorial !
What is a Factorial sign in Mathematics??
If an expression is written with a Factorial sign like 4!,
The solution will be 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 = 24
But where is the application of Factorial in our real
life??
Suppose if we have 3 persons A, B and C and we have to
stand them in a line.
So the possible ways will be,
A, B C : A, C, B : B, A, C: B, C, A : C, A, B and C, B, A
3 ! = 3 x 2 x 1 = 6 ways
Expression with Factorial (pg. 36)
6. Evaluate the following:
(i) 4 ! / 2 !
(4 x 3 x 2 x 1 ) / ( 2 x 1) = 4 x 3 = 12 Ans.
(ii) 6! 4 ! / (5! 3!)
(6 x 5! 4 x 3!) / ( 5! X 3!) = 6 x 4 = 24 Ans.
(iii) (5! + 4!) / 3!
By breaking the LCM:
5!/3! + 4!/3! = 5 x 4 + 4 = 24 Ans.
(vi) (n + 1)! / (n 1)! = ???? :-S

Factorial (A Class Activity)
Once after your CLASS TEACHER says START then
you all have to Change your Seats.
Do it as soon as you can
Compute the TOTAL Possible arrangements.
N! or
N
P
r
N! x time in seconds = Total seconds
(Total Seconds)/60 = Total minutes
(Total Minutes)/60 = Total Hours
(Total Hours)/24 = Total days
(Total days)/365 = Total Years required
Mathematical Indices (pg. 37)
13. Express the following numbers in the form 2
p
x 3
q
:
(i) 6
2
x 8
---------
12
3
Sol.
(2 x 3)
2
x 2 x 2 x 2
--------------------------
(2 x 2 x 3)
3

2
2
x 3
2
x 2
3
----------------
2
3
x 2
3
x 3
3

2
5
x 3
2
-------------
2
6
x 3
3

2
5
x 3
2
x 2
-6
x 3
-3

2
-1
x 3
-1
Answer

Mathematical Indices (pg. 37)
13. Express the following numbers in the form 2
p
x 3
q
:
(ii) 6
3
x 8
2
---------
12
4

(iii) 6
4
x 12

---------
4
5

(iv) 6
10
x 4
9
x 12
-6

14. Express the Cube root of
200 divided by the
square root of 40 in the
form 2
p
x 5
q

Word Problems (Numbers)
Integers: All positive and negative whole numbers
including zero are integers:
Sample Question1: The sum of three consecutive
integers is 18. What is the smallest of the number?
Sol.
If x is the smallest integer, then next two consecutive
integers are x+1 and x+2 then the sum will be;
x+(x+1)+(x+2)=18
3x+3=18 => 3x=18-3 => 3x=15
x=15/3 => x=5 therefore, 5+6+7=18

Word Problems (Numbers)
Even and Odd Integers: Any number which can be
divided by 2 is an Even number and which cannot be divided by
2 is an Odd number. For e.g. 2,4,6,8, are Even numbers and
1,3,5,7,9. Are Odd numbers.
The difference b/w two even or two odd numers is always 2.
Sample Question2: The sum of three consecutive Even integers
is 36. What is the smallest of the number?
Sol.
If x is the smallest Even integer, then next two consecutive
integers are x+2 and x+4 then the sum will be;
x+(x+2)+(x+4)=36
3x+6=36 => 3x=30 => x=10. Therefore,
10+12+14=36
Logarithms (pg. 38)
What is the concept of Logarithms in
Mathematics?
Why Logarithms are necessary? What is the
significance of this concept in Mathematics?
In order to scale the magnitude, we usually use
log.
In order to solve expressions in which subject is in
the power; only log can help us.
If Exponential form is 10
2
=100 then the log form
will be log
10
(100)=2

Logarithms
Notation: Log
a
(b)=c
(where a is the base, b is any number and c is the answer)
What is the concept & use of Logarithms?
If Exponential form is 10
2
=100 then
The log form will be log
10
(100)=2
For e.g. we can solve x+3 = 5. i.e. x=2
But we cannot carried out the solution for 3
x
=5
without Log. Therefore by taking log on both
sides;
log(3
x
)=log(5) => xlog(3)=log(5)
x=log(5)/log(3) will be the answer.

Properties of Logarithms
1) log
a
(a)=1 e.g. log
10
(10)=1

2) log(a
x
)=xlog(a)
e.g. log(100) = log(10
2
)=2log(10)=2x1=2

3) log(ab)=log(a)+log(b)
e.g. log(100) = log(10x10)=log(10)+log(10)=1+1=2

4) log(a/b) = log(a)-log(b)
e.g. log(1)=log(10/10)=log(10) log(10) = 1 1 = 0
Questions of Logarithms
17. Given that log(4.78)=0.6794, then Evaluate;
i) log(47.8)
Sol.
Required value is x such that, log(47.8)=x
Therefore,
According to the given value in the question:
Log(4.78)=0.6794 and we also knew that log(10)=1 so,
Log(47.8)=log(4.78 x10)

Log(47.8)=log(4.78 x10)
According to the third property:
log(ab)=log(a) + log(b)
So,
log(47.8) = log(4.78) + log(10)
Therefore,
=0.6794 + 1
And,
log(47.8) =1.6794 Ans.

17. Given that log(4.78)=0.6794, then Evaluate;
i) log(0.478)
Sol.
Required value is x such that, log(0.478)=x
Therefore,
According to the given value in the question:
Log(4.78)=0.6794 and we also knew that log(10)=1 so,
Log(0.478)=log(4.78 /10)

Log(0.478)=log(4.78 /10)
According to the third property:
log(a/b)=log(a) - log(b)
So,
log(0.478) = log(4.78) - log(10)
Therefore,
=0.6794 - 1
And,
log(0.478) = - 0.3206 OR we can also write the ans,
0.6794 1 =

18. Given that log(6.85)=0.8357, then find the
numbers whose log to base 10 is;
i) 1.8357
Sol.
Required value is x such that, log(x)=1.8357
Therefore,
Log(x)=1 + 0.8357
According to the given value:
0.8357 = log(6.85) and 1 = log(10) so,
log(x)=log(10) + log(6.85)

log(x)=log(10) + log(6.85)
According to the 3
rd
Property:
Log(ab)=log(a) + log(b)
Therefore,
log(x)=log(10 x 6.85)
log(x)=log(68.5)
Finally,
X=68.5 Ans.

18. Given that log(6.85)=0.8357, then find the
numbers whose log to base 10 is;
i) 3.8357
Sol.
Required value is x such that, log(x)=1.8357
Therefore,
Log(x)=3 + 0.8357 = 1+1+1+0.8357
According to the given value:
0.8357 = log(6.85) and 1 = log(10) so,
log(x)=log(10) + log(6.85)

log(x)=log(10) + log(10)+ log(10)+ log(6.85)
According to the 3
rd
Property:
Log(ab)=log(a) + log(b)
Therefore,
log(x)=log(10 x10x10x6.85)
log(x)=log(6850)
Finally,
X=6850 Ans.

20. Given that log y = o log x + | where o and | are
constants and that y=10 when x=0.1 and y=100
when x=1. Determine o and |.
Sol. According to the given information:
y=10 when x=0.1 we put these values in the eq.
log 10 = o log 0.1 + |
1 = o log (1/10) + |
1 = o [log1 log10] +|
1 = o [0 1] + |
1 = -o + | ------ (i)
Then the 2
nd
Information:
Y=100 when x=1
log 100 = o log 1 + |
2 = o (0) + |
2 = | or | = 2
Putting the value of | in (i)
1 = -o + | ------ (i)
1 = -o + 2
o = 2 1 or o = 1 Ans.

21. By taking log, find the smallest positive integer n
for which 4
n
< 5
n-1
.
Sol. Taking log on both sides,
log 4
n
< log 5
n-1

n log4 < (n-1) log 5
n log4 < n log5 log5
log5 < n log5 n log4
log5 < n (log5 log4)
log5/(log5-log4) < n
Or
n > log5 / (log5 log4)
n > 7.212
Therefore,
n=8 Ans.

22. A biological population initially of size 1000, doubles its size
everyday. The size of the population after n generation
times is N=10
3
2
n
.
Find using logarithms, the number of generations that must
elapse before the size exceeds (i) 10
5
(ii) 10
10
.
(i) Sol.
N > 10
5

10
3
2
n
> 10
5

2
n
> 10
5
/ 10
3

2
n
> 10
2
Now we will take log on both sides
log(2
n
) > log (10
2
)
n log (2) > 2 or n > 2 / log (2) > 6.64 ~ 7
23. The volume V of timber in a given tree increases by 5%
every year so that V = a (1.05)
t
where t is the time in years
and a is the volume at time t=0.
i) Calculate the volume of the tree after 5 years?
Sol.
V = a (1.05)
5
= 1.28 a
ii) Find the time taken for the tree to double its volume.
Sol.
Initial volume of the tree V = a
So, doubles the volume means V = 2a Or
a (1.05)
t
= 2 a
(1.05) t = 2 Now taking log on both sides and solve
log (1.05)
t
= log 2
t log (1.05) = log 2
t = log 2 / log (1.05)
t = 14.2 years Ans.

Compound Interest in Financial Maths
Following is the compound interest formula :
S = P ( 1 + r )
t
Where,
S = Compounded Amount, P = Principal Amount
r = Rate of Interest
Now reconsider question no. 22:
N = 10
3
2
n
Showing population which doubles its size everyday.
We can also re-write the same as: N = 1000 (1+1)
n
Its the same formula S = P (1+r)
n
Compound Interest in Financial Maths
Now comparing the same compound interest formula
with the model given in question no. 23:
The volume V of timber in a given tree increases by
5% every year so that V = a (1.05)
t

V = a (1 + 0.05)
t

S = P (1 + r )
t
In short, the compound interest formula is also a
Mathematical Model which can be fitted in any growth
related phenomenon.
24. In the study of hearing the loudness L is expressed in terms
of the intensity I by the equation:
L = 10 log (I / I
o
)
Where Io is approx. 10
-12
Watt/m2. Express I in terms of L
and determine I when L=60.
Sol. We can use the property of Log here,
L log(10) = 10 log (I / I
o
)
log (10)
L
= log (I/I
o
)
10

Taking Antilog on both sides,
10
L
= (I/I
o
)
10

Taking 10
th
Root (power 1/10)
on both sides,

[10
L
]
1/10
= [ (I/I
o
)
10
]
1/10

10
L/10
= I / I
o

Therefore,
I = 10
L/10
I
o

Finally, L=60 and I
o
= 10
-12
I = 10
-6

Eulers number or Napiers Constant
This is e http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_(mathematical_constant)
e is said to be the lifes function
Whenever we have a life-time distribution or a natural growth
/ data is there, the model should be having e.
For e.g. The well known Normal Distribution based on this
constant. Gauss (The German Mathematician used it)
Following is the function of e:
e = (1 + x)
1/x
but Lim x 0
If we put x=0 then e = inf.
So we have to poke the function:
By putting x=0.001 (closest to zero) This will give us a result:
e = (1 + 0.001) ^ (1/0.001) = 2.719
Graphing Sense
Practical Object:

Plot the Graphs/Sketches of the Bivariate
data given in Q. 25 and Q. 27 respectively.
Do it as neat as possible and submit these
graphs by writing your name on the sheet.

Practice Questions (Maths)
Determine the equation of straight line passing through
a point (4,-1) having slope=-3
a. y= - 3x+11 b. y= 3x+11 c. y=2x-3 d. y=3x-2
The correct linear equation given that it is passing
through points (1,3) and (7,5) is;
a. x+3y= - 4 b. x-3y= - 8 c. 2x-3y=4 d. x-2y=5
Which of the following straight line has rising with finite +ve
slope?
a. b. c. d.
The roots of the quadratic equation are;
a. (2,-4) b. (-4,2) c. (-4,-8) d. (4,2)
The Centigrade temperature
o
C and Fahrenheit temperature
o
F
are related by the equation 9C=5F-160, then the value of
o
C
when F=0 is,
a. 21.33 b. -40.00 c. -17.77 d. 32.00
An object projected vertically upwards at time t=0 with a
velocity of 14 meters/second reaches a height y in meters
given by, , when y=10, the value of t will be;
a. 10/7 b. 12/7 c. 5/9 d. -10/5
9 ) 1 (
2
+ + = x y
2
9 . 4 14 t t y =
The value of x in the equation is
a. b. c. d.

Given that , where o and | are
constants and that y=10 when x=0.1 and y=100 when x=1, then
the values of (o,|) will be;
a. (1,2) b. (-1,2) c. (2,1) d. (-1,-1)
If y is a function of x in , then x in terms of y
will be ;
a. b. c. d.

c
b 2
) (
) (
c a
bc a
+
) 1 (
) (
b a
c ab
+
+
) 2 (
) (
c b a
d c
+

d x c b c x b a = ) ( ) (
| o + = x y
10 10
log log
|
.
|
\
|
o
y
10
log
|
.
|
\
|
y
o
10
log
( ) y o
10
log
( ) y
10
log
x
y 10 o =
The expression could be simplified as;

a. b. c. d. none of these

The expression could be simplified as;

a. b. c. d. none of these

The value of y in the radical equation is;
a. 40 b. 2 c. 32 d. 4
2 1
5
3
) (

y x xy
xy
1
5
13 4
1
y x
5
xy
2
2 3
3
4
3 2
) (
) (

(
x
x
x
x
4
1
x
4
x x
3 3 = y y
Using quadratic formula on the root will be;
a. b. c. 2 d.

The value of w in is;

a. 3 b. 14 c. zero d. none of these

The value of is;

a. 2 b. 14 c. zero d. -5

0 9 2 6 2
2
= + + y y
2
1
3
2
3
2
1
2
1 6
1 2
7 6
=
+
+
+
w
w
w
w
( ) ( ) | | 7 7 ln 7 7 ln log
2 2
2
+ + + + e e

Under Standing With Meths

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