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Foundations in Microbiology Fifth Edition

Talaro Chapter 8
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Microbial Metabolism: The Chemical Crossroads of Life Chapter 8

Metabolism
The sum total of all chemical reactions & physical workings occurring in a cell

2 types of metabolism
Anabolism - biosynthesis
building complex molecules from simple ones requires energy (ATP)

Catabolism - degradation
breaking down complex molecules into simple ones generates energy (ATP)
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Enzyme structure
Simple enzymes consist of protein alone Conjugated enzymes or holoenzymes contain protein and nonprotein molecules
apoenzyme protein portion cofactors nonprotein portion
metallic cofactors iron, copper, magnesium coenzymes -organic molecules - vitamins

Enzyme-substrate interactions

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 Exoenzymes transported extracellularly, where they break down large food molecules or harmful chemicals; cellulase, amylase, penicillinase Endoenzymes retained intracellularly & function there

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 Constitutive enzymes always present, always produced in equal amounts or at equal rates, regardless of amount of substrate; enzymes involved in glucose metabolism Induced enzymes not constantly present, produced only when substrate is present, prevents cell from wasting resources
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 Synthesis or condensation reactions anabolic reactions to form covalent bonds between smaller substrate molecules, require ATP, release one molecule of water for each bond Hydrolysis reactions catabolic reactions that break down substrates into small molecules, requires the input of water
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Transfer reactions by enzymes

1. Oxidation-reduction reactions transfer of electrons 2. Aminotransferases convert one type of amino acid to another by transferring an amino group 3. Phosphotransferases transfer phosphate groups, involved in energy transfer 4. Methyltransferases move methyl groups from one molecule to another 5. Decarboxylases remove carbon dioxide from organic acids
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Metabolic pathways

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Control of enzyme activity

1. Competitive inhibition substance that resembles normal substrate competes with substrate for active site 2. Feedback inhibition concentration of product at the end of a pathway blocks the action of a key enzyme 3. Feedback repression inhibits at the genetic level by controlling synthesis of key enzymes 4. Enzyme induction enzymes are made only when suitable substrates are present
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Competitive inhibition

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Energy capacity to do work or cause change

Endergonic reactions consume energy Exergonic reactions release energy

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Redox reactions
always occur in pairs There is an electron donor and electron acceptor which constitute a redox pair The process salvages electrons & their energy. released energy can be captured to phosphorylate ADP or another compound
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Electron carriers
resemble shuttles that are loaded and unloaded with electrons and hydrogen most carriers are coenzymes, NAD, FAD, NADP, coenzyme A & compounds of the respiratory chain

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NAD reduction

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Electron carriers

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ATP
3 part molecule consisting of
adenine a nitrogenous base ribose a 5-carbon sugar 3 phosphate groups

Removal of the terminal phosphate releases energy

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ATP

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Phosphorylation of glucose by ATP

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Formation of ATP
1. substrate-level phosphorylation 2. oxidative phosphorylation 3. photophosphorylation

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substrate-level phosphorylation

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Catabolism of glucose
1. Glycolysis 2. Tricarboxylic acid cycle, Krebs cycle 3. Respiratory chain, electron transport

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Metabolic strategies
Pathways Final eacceptor involved Glycolysis, O2 TCA, ET
ATP yield 38

Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration

Glycolysis, NO3-, So4-2, variable TCA, ET CO3-3 Organic molecules 2

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Fermentation Glycolysis

Overview of aerobic respiration

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Overview of aerobic respiration

Glycolysis glucose (6C) is oxidized and split into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid (3C) TCA processes pyruvic acid and generates 3 CO2 molecules Electron transport chain accepts electrons NADH & FADH, generates energy through sequential redox reactions called oxidative phosphorylation
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Glycolysis

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TCA cycle

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Electron transport system

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Chemiosmosis

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Fermentation
Incomplete oxidation of glucose or other carbohydrates in the absence of oxygen Uses organic compounds as terminal electron acceptors Yields a small amount of ATP Production of ethyl alcohol by yeasts acting on glucose Formation of acid, gas & other products by the action of various bacteria on pyruvic acid
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Fermentation

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Products of fermentation

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 Many pathways of metabolism are bi-directional or amphibolic Metabolites can serve as building blocks or sources of energy
Pyruvic acid can be converted into amino acids through amination Amino acids can be converted into energy sources through deamination Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate can be converted into precursors for amino acids, carbohydrates and fats
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