2

Magnetic field
How to generate magnetic field ?
Bar magnet
Current carrying wire
The compass needle will line up along the direction of the magnetic field
Universitatea Tehnica din Cluj-Napoca, Facultatea de Constructii de Masini
1/34
Magnetic field
Lorentz force
F q v B
B = 50T150T
F = q(v X B) F = q v B sin() B= magnetic field [B] = T (Tesla)

The variation between magnetic north (Nm) and "true" north (Ng).
2/34
Magnetic field
Lorentz force - application
=m2R
v R
Fc
FL=qvB
qvB = m2R v = R R = mv/(qB)

= qB/m
f = qB/(2m)
3/34
Magnetic field
Laplace force
F l I B B B
I=0 I I
F
B
F = I(l X B)
F = I l B sin()
4/34
Magnetic field
Laplace force - application
F
F I a
M
I
I B I F N I
B
I
S B
F=IaB T = (I a B) b = I A B
F=IaB T=IadB=IAB
5/34
Magnetic field
Laplace force - application
Dynamic loudspeaker
N
frame
flexible suspension diaphragm cylindrical magnetic gap
F
N S B F N
voice coil
permanent magnet 6/34
Magnetic field
Amperes force
I1
I2
F12 = 0I1I2l/(2d)
0 = free space permeability 0 = 410-7 [H/m]
u12 F12
Ampere definition: that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, placed one metre apart in a vacuum, will develop between them a force equal to 2 x 10-7 Newtons per metre length'
7/34
Magnetic field
Magnetic field strength
H = B/0 [A/m]
I H H R N turns I
H = I/(2R)
H = I/(2R) H = NI/(2R)
8/34
Magnetic field
Magnetic field strength
N turns I
H = NI/l
9/34
Magnetic field
Magnetization
Magnetization = response of a material to an external magnetic field Paramagnetic materials m > 0 (Al : m = 2.210-5) Diamagnetic materials
M = m H
m = magnetic susceptibility
m < 0 (Cu : m = -110-5)
B = 0H + 0M = 0(1+ m)H = 0rH

10/34
Magnetic field
Magnetization
Ferromagnetic materials Steel : m = 100 M Nickel : m = 600 Alloys 3 Silicon steel : m = 410 ) Nickel - Iron : m = 5104 Metglas : m = 1106
m >>
ferromagnetic
paramagnetic
B = 0rH r = (1+ m) = 102106
H diamagnetic
11/34
Magnetic field
Hysterezis loop
B Bs Br c b
a-b : initial magnetization b - saturation b-c : demagnetization c remanent magnetic field (Br)
-Hc
d a f -B r
Hc
g H
c-d : reversed magnetic field d coercitiv magnetic field strength(Hc) d-e : saturation in reverse direction
-Bs
Hysterezis loop area is related to the amount of energy dissipation !

12/34
Magnetic field
Hysterezis loop
Hard ferromagnetic materials: - high magnetic permeability - high coercitiv magnetic field - high remanent magnetic field Applications: permanent magnets
Soft ferromagnetic materials: - high magnetic permeability - narrow hysterezis loop Applications: cores for coils, transformers and AC motors
13/34
Electromagnetic induction
Magnetic flux
Magnetic flux is a general term associated with a magnetic field, that is bound by a certain area
= B dA = B dA cos
Magnetic flux through a surface
[] = Wb (Weber) 1 Wb = 1T1m2 Magnetic flux is maximum if = 0, = B A

14/34
Faradays experiments
Experimental results Only when the bar magnet is moving, a current flow through the loop. No current is registered by the ammeter when bar magnet is stationary with respect to the loop Faster the movement, the more current. Current changes direction when either motion is reversed or polarity of magnet is reversed Deflection amplitude depends on number of turns, N. Conclusion: an electric current is induced in the loop by changing the magnetic field produced by the bar magnet
15/34
Faradays experiments
Conclusion: an electric current is induced in the secondary coil by changing the magnetic field produced by the primary coil.
Experimental results No current is registered by the ammeter while the switch stays open or closed. When current is changing in the primary coil (by switching on/off the primary circuit) a current flows through the secondary coil.
16/34
Faradays law Faraday found that he could induce a current in a closed wire loop/coil, but only if the magnetic field through the loop/coil is changing. The induced electromotive force E in a wire loop is proportional to the negative of the rate of change of magnetic flux
e = - d/dt e = - N d/dt
e = (dB/dt)Acos + B(dA/dt)cos + BAsin(d/dt)
17/34
Faradays law
An electromotive force can be generate in the following ways:

1. By varying the amplitude of magnetic field in time 2. By varying the magnitude of the area A in time
18/34
Lenzs law
3. By varying the angle between B and the area vector A with time
A bar magnet approaches the wire loop. The magnetic field is oriented downward.
Binduced Iinduced
1. Does the magnetic flux changes ? 2. Does the flux increase or decreases? 3. Does the induced current flow clockwise or counterclockwise ?
Lenzs law : The direction of the induced current is such that the induced magnetic field opposes the change in the flux.
19/34
Lenzs law
Lenz's law gives the direction of the induced EMF and induced current resulting from electromagnetic induction. The law provides a physical interpretation of the sign minus in Faraday's law of induction, indicating that the induced EMF and the change in flux have opposite signs.
20/34
Applications
MOTIONAL ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE Suppose a conductive rod of length l, pulled to right at a speed v, in a magnetic field B, directed into the figure. The conducting rod itself completes a circuit across a set of parallel conducting rails with a resistor mounted between them.
e = d/dt = BdA/dt = Bl(dx/dt) = Blv e = (vxB)dl I = E/R = Blv/R Fm = I(lxB) = (Bl)2v/R P = RI2 = (Blv)2/R
Fm
21/34
Applications AC GENERATOR Suppose a rectangular wire loop rotating with a constant angular frequency in a uniform magnetic field:
I dA B
= BdA = BAcos = BAcost = 2n e = - d/dt = BAsint
Permanent magnet
Slip rings
I
R Brushes
22/34
Applications
A square loop of copper wire is pulled through a region of magnetic field. B Fappl Iind. Fm 1. Does the induced current flow clockwise or counterclockwise ? 2. What direction for Laplaces force ? The same conducting loop is halfway into a magnetic field. Suppose the magnetic field begins to increase rapidly in strength. What happens to the conductive loop?
1. Does the induced current flow clockwise or counterclockwise ? 2. What direction for Laplaces force ?
Conclusion: The loop will be pushed to the right, out of the magnetic field !
23/34
Self-inductance. Self-induced (back) EMF.
11 = N1BdA Self-inductance: L11 = 11/i1 > 0 i1 [L] = H (Henry) If i1 is changing, according to Faradays law : e11 = - d11/dt = - L11 di1/dt - self-induced EMF (back EMF) Conclusion: the larger the value of L11, the greater the self-induced EMF
N1 turns
24/34
Mutual-inductance
21 = N2B1dA2 Mutual-inductance: L21 = 21/i1 [L] = H (Henry) L21 = f(N1, N2, R1, R2, )
N2
If i1 is changing, according to Faradays law : e21 = - d21/dt = - L21 di1/dt Conclusion: e21 is proportional to L21
25/34
Mutual-inductance
12 = N1B2dA1
Mutual-inductance:
L12 = 12/i2
N1
L12 =L21
26/34
Applications
Self-inductance of a solenoid = N B A = N(0NI/l)R2 L = /I = R20N2/l Mutual Inductance of a Coil Wrapped Around a Solenoid 21 = N2 B1 A = = N2(0N1I1/l)A L21 = 21 /I1 = 0N1N2A/l
27/34
Magnetic field energy. Density. According to Lenzs law, an inductor in a circuit opposes any change in the current through it and a work must be done, by an external source, in order to establish a current in the inductor. We conclude that energy can be stored in an inductor
Wm =L I2/2
Volume density of the magnetic field energy
wm = BH/2 = B2/(20) = 0H2/2

28/34
Applications. Electric transformer
VP ep = - Npd/dt VS es = - Nsd/dt
VS/VP = Ns/Np
step-up transformer Ns/Np > 1 => Vs > Vp step-down transformer Ns/Np < 1 => Vs < Vp
29/34
Transmission of electric power
Rl = 0.4 P = 120 kW
U = 240 V U = 240 kV I = P/U = 120103/240 = 500 A I = P/U = 120103/240103 = 0.5 Ploss = RlI2 = 0.45002 = 100 kW A Ploss/P = 83 % Ploss = RlI2 = 0.40.52 = 0.1 W P Constructii /P = 0.00083 % 30/34 Universitatea Tehnica din Cluj-Napoca, Facultatea deloss de Masini
Applications
Magnetic head of a tape recorder

Electric guitar
31/34
Eddy currents
Eddy currents are created when a conductor experiences changes in the magnetic field. If either the conductor is moving through a steady magnetic field, or the magnetic field is changing around a stationary conductor, eddy currents will occur in the conductor.
Metal sheet
Eddy currents flowing in the conductive material will generate their own secondary magnetic field which will oppose the primary magnetic field.
32/34
Eddy currents applications
Eddy currents braking system
Metal detector system
33/34
Eddy currents applications
Eddy current separator
non-ferromagnetic material magnetic drum non-metallic drum conveyor belt non-metallic material ferromagnetic material
34/34

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Magnetic field

How to generate magnetic field ?

Current carrying wire

Universitatea Tehnica din Cluj-Napoca, Facultatea de Constructii de Masini

F = q(v X B) F = q v B sin() B= magnetic field [B] = T (Tesla)

Universitatea Tehnica din Cluj-Napoca, Facultatea de Constructii de Masini

qvB = m2R v = R R = mv/(qB)

Universitatea Tehnica din Cluj-Napoca, Facultatea de Constructii de Masini

Universitatea Tehnica din Cluj-Napoca, Facultatea de Constructii de Masini

flexible suspension diaphragm cylindrical magnetic gap

permanent magnet 6/34

Universitatea Tehnica din Cluj-Napoca, Facultatea de Constructii de Masini

Universitatea Tehnica din Cluj-Napoca, Facultatea de Constructii de Masini

Universitatea Tehnica din Cluj-Napoca, Facultatea de Constructii de Masini

m < 0 (Cu : m = -110-5)

B = 0H + 0M = 0(1+ m)H = 0rH

B = 0rH r = (1+ m) = 102106

Universitatea Tehnica din Cluj-Napoca, Facultatea de Constructii de Masini

Hysterezis loop area is related to the amount of energy dissipation !

Universitatea Tehnica din Cluj-Napoca, Facultatea de Constructii de Masini

Universitatea Tehnica din Cluj-Napoca, Facultatea de Constructii de Masini

Magnetic flux through a surface

[] = Wb (Weber) 1 Wb = 1T1m2 Magnetic flux is maximum if = 0, = B A

An electromotive force can be generate in the following ways:

Universitatea Tehnica din Cluj-Napoca, Facultatea de Constructii de Masini

Universitatea Tehnica din Cluj-Napoca, Facultatea de Constructii de Masini

Universitatea Tehnica din Cluj-Napoca, Facultatea de Constructii de Masini

Universitatea Tehnica din Cluj-Napoca, Facultatea de Constructii de Masini

= BdA = BAcos = BAcost = 2n e = - d/dt = BAsint

Universitatea Tehnica din Cluj-Napoca, Facultatea de Constructii de Masini

Universitatea Tehnica din Cluj-Napoca, Facultatea de Constructii de Masini

wm = BH/2 = B2/(20) = 0H2/2

Magnetic head of a tape recorder

Eddy currents braking system

Metal detector system

Universitatea Tehnica din Cluj-Napoca, Facultatea de Constructii de Masini

Eddy current separator

Universitatea Tehnica din Cluj-Napoca, Facultatea de Constructii de Masini

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