Department of Aerospace Engineering

AERSP 301
Torsion of closed and open section
beams
Jose L. Palacios

July 2008
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REMINDERS
IF YOU HAVE NOT TURN IN HW# 4 PLEASE DO SO
ASAP TO AVOID FURTHER POINT PENALTIES.

HW #5 DUE FRIDAY, OCTOBER 3

HW #6 (FINAL HW from me) DUE FRIDAY OCTOBER
10

EXAM: OCTOBER 20 26 HOSLER 8:15 10:15 PM

REVIEW SESSION: OCTOBER 19 220 HAMMOND
6 9 PM
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Torsion of closed section beams
To simultaneously satisfy these, q = constant
Thus, pure torque const. shear flow in beam wall
A closed section beam
subjected to a pure
torque T does not in the
absence of axial
constraint, develop any
direct stress, o
z
Now look at pure torsion of closed c/s
Department of Aerospace Engineering
Torsion of closed section beams
Torque produced by
shear flow acting on
element os is pqos





[Bredt-Batho formula]
Since q = const. &
Hw # 3, problem 3
Department of Aerospace Engineering
Torsion of closed section beams
Already derived warping distribution for a shear loaded closed c/s
(combined shear and torsion)

Now determine warping distribution from pure torsion load

Displacements associated with Bredt-Batho shear flow (w & v
t
):
0 = Normal Strain
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Torsion of closed section beams
In absence of direct stress,


Recall
No axial
restraint
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Torsion of closed section beams


To hold for all points around the c/s
(all values of )
c/s displacements have a
linear relationship with
distance along the beam, z
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Torsion of closed section beams
Earlier,

For const. q
Twist and Warping of closed
section beams Lecture
Also Needed for HW #5 problem 3
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Torsion of closed section beams
Starting with warping expression:


For const. q



Using
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Twisting / Warping sample problem
Determine warping distribution in doubly symmetrical,
closed section beam shown subjected to anticlockwise
torque, T.
From symmetry, center of
twist R coincides with
mid-point of the c/s.

When an axis of
symmetry crosses a wall,
that wall will be a point of
zero warping.
Take that point as the
origin of S.
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Sample Problem
Assume G is constant
ab A
t
a
t
b
w
t
ds
t
ds
A
A
AG
T
w w
a b
s
s s
o s
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = =
= =
|
.
|

\
|
=
} }
and , 2 , 0
and
2
0
0
0s
0 0
o
o o
o
o o
From 0 to 1, 0 S
1
b/2 and
4
and ,
1
0
1
0
1
0
1 as
A
t
s
t
ds
s
b
s
s
= = =
}
o
Find Warping Distribution
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Sample Problem
Warping Distribution 0-1 is:
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
a b
o
t
a
t
b
b
s
abG
T
w
1
1
4
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
a b
t
a
t
b
abG
T
w
b s
8
2 / @
1
1
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Sample Problem
The warping distribution can be deduced
from symmetry and the fact that w must be
zero where axes of symmetry intersect the
walls.
Follows that: w
2
= -w
1
, w
3
= w
1
, w
4
= -w
1

What would be warping for
a square cross-section?
What about a circle?
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Sample Problem
Resolve the problem choosing the point 1
as the origin for s.
In this case, we are choosing an arbitrary
point rather than a point where WE KNEW
that w
o
was zero.
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Sample Problem
In the wall 1-2
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = =
= = =
|
.
|

\
|
=
} }
a b
a
a b
a
s
s s
t
a
t
b
abG
T
w
a
s
t
s
abG
T
w
ab A
t
a
t
b
w
t
s
t
ds
t
ds
A
A
AG
T
w w
4
2 @
4 2
'
and , 2 , 0 setting
and
2
2
1 1
12
0
1
0
0s
0 0
0 12
o
o
o
o o
o
o o
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
a
s
t
t
a
t
b
s
abG
t
a
t
b
T
w
a
a b
a b
4
2
2
2
'
1 1
12
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Sample Problem
Similarly, it can be show that
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
2
2
23
4
1 1
2
' s b
b t
s
t
a
abG
T
w
b a
o
o
2 2
1
2 2
1
2
2
0
0s
a
s
b
a A
t
s
t
a
t
ds
os
b a
s
+ =
+ = =
}
o
b
a
s
2

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Thus warping displacement varies linearly
along wall 2, with a value w

2
at point 2,
going to zero at point 3.
Distribution in walls 34 and 41 follows from
symmetry, and the total distribution is
shown below:
Sample Problem
Now, we calculate w
0
which we
had arbitrary set to zero
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Sample Problem
We use the condition that for no axial restraint,
the resultant axial load is zero:
0 =
}
ds t
z
o
}
}
}
}
=
=
=
tds
ds t w
w
ds t w w
ds wt
s
o
o s
0 ) (
0
z
w o
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Sample Problem
Substituting for w
12
and w
23
and evaluating the
integral:


( )
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
=
} }
a b
s b a
b a
o
ds t w ds t w
bt at
w
0 0
23 1 12
' '
2
2
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
a b
o
t
a
t
b
abG
T
w
8
Offset that need to be added to previously found warping distributions
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Torsion / Warping of thin-walled OPEN section
beams
Torsion of open sections creates a different type of shear distribution
Creates shear lines that follow boundary of c/s
This is why we must consider it separately
Maximum shear located
along walls, zero in center
of member
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Torsion / Warping of thin-walled OPEN
section beams

Now determine warping distribution, Recall:



Referring tangential displacement, v
t
, to center or twist,
R:
Department of Aerospace Engineering
Torsion / Warping of thin-walled OPEN
section beams
On the mid-line of the
section wall t
zs
= 0,



Integrate to get warping displacement:
where
A
R
, the area swept by a
generator rotating about
the center of twist from
the point of zero
warping
Distance from wall to shear center
Department of Aerospace Engineering
Torsion / Warping of thin-walled OPEN
section beams
S = 0 (W = 0)
A
R

R

R

The sign of w
s
is dependent on the
direction of positive torque
(anticlockwise) for closed section
beams.

For open section beams, p
r
is positive if
the movement of the foot of p
r
along the
tangent of the direction of the assumed
positive s provides a anticlockwise area
sweeping


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Torsion / Warping Sample Problem
Determine the warping
distribution when the thin-
walled c-channel section
is subjected to an anti-
clockwise torque of 10 Nm


SideNote:
G = 25 000 N/mm
2
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BEGINNING SIDENOTE
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SideNote: Calculation of torsional
constant J

(Chapter N, pp 367 Donaldson,
Chapter 4 Megson)
Torsional Constants Examples and
Solutions
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Stresses for Uniform Torsion
z
x
y
M
t

M
t

Assumptions:
1) Constant Torque Applied
2) Isotropic, Linearly Elastic
3) No Warping Restraint
All Sections Have Identical Twist per Unit Length:



No Elongation
No Shape Change
z c
cu
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St. Venants Constant For Uniform Torsion
(or Torsion Constant)
}}
+
+ V
= =
A
t
dA
dz
d
G
M
J
2
4
u
F u EA
M GJ
t
=
'
=
'
u
F
M
t

z
y

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Torsion Constant
J is varies for different cross-sections


#1 #2
#3
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EXAMPLE #1 (ELLIPSE)
Find S. Torsion Constant For Ellipse:
Find Stress Distribution (
xy

xz
)




0 1
2 2
=
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|

b
z
a
y
2b
2a
1) Eq. Boundary:
2) = 0 on Boundary:
(
(

|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
= +
2 2
1 ) , (
b
z
a
y
C z y
o
3) Substitute into GDE:
2 2
2 2
2
2 ) , (
b a
b a G
C
dz
d
G z y
o
+
'
= = + V
u u
(
(

|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|

+
'
= +
2 2
2 2
2 2
1 ) , (
b
z
a
y
b a
b a G
z y
u
y
z
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EXAMPLE # 1
ab t
p
I
b a
b a
J s
+
=
2 2
3 3
t
y
z y
z
z y
xz
xy
c
+ c
=
c
+ c
=
) , (
) , (
o
o
2b
2a
4) J:
2 2
3 3
) , ( 2
b a
b a
G
dzdy z y
G
M
J
t
+
=
'
+
=
'
=
}}
t
u u
5) Substitute into (y,z)
J
M
G
t
=
'
u
(
(

|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
= +
2 2
1 ) , (
b
z
a
y
ab
M
z y
t
t
y
z
Area Ellipse:
6) Differentiate 5)
Polar Moment of Inertia:
( )
2 2
4
1
b a ab I
p
+ = t
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EXAMPLE #2 (RECTANGLE)

|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
= +
m n
mn
b
z n
Cos
a
y m
Cos C z y
t t
) , (
b
a
1) Eq. Boundary: Simple Formulas
Do Not Satisfy GDE and BCs

NEED TO USE SERIES
For Orthogonality use Odd COS Series
(n & m odd)
2) Following the procedure in pp 391 and 392
3
ab J | =
y
z

( )
2 max
1
ab
M
t
xs
o
o =

+
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
) ) / ( (
1 256
2 2 2 2 2 6
n a b m n m b
a
f
t
|
Find S. Torsion Constant For Ellipse:
Find Stress Distribution (
xy

xz
)




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31 . 0
10 /
~ ~

| o
b a
3
1
3
1
/

|
o
b a
Stress and Stiffness Parameters
for Rectangular Cross-Sections (pp 393)
| o,
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a>>b Rectangle
0 ) 2 / ( = + b
u

u
'
=
c
c

'
= + V G
z
G z 2 2 ) (
2
2
2
(
(

|
.
|

\
|
' = +
2
2
2
) (
b
z G z u
b
y
z
No variation in in y
BCs:
u
'
=
+ =
}}
G
M
J
dA M
t
A
t
2
( )
J
b M
t
xs
=
max
o
3
3
1
ab J =
Integrating
Differentiating
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Similarly: Open Thin Cross-Sections
t
S

J =
1
3
St
3
S is the Contour Perimeter
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Extension to Thin Sections with Varying
Thickness (pp 409)
(
(

|
.
|

\
|

'
= +
2
2
2
) (
) (

q u
b
G z

|
.
|

\
|

'
= + =
} } }}
=
=
+ =
=
q q u

q
q
d d b G dydz z y M
a b
b
A
t
0
2 / ) (
2 / ) (
2 2
) (
4
1
2 ) , ( 2
u u

'
=
'
=
}
=
=
GJ d b G M
a
t
0
3
) (
3
1
Thickness b()


z
y
By analogy to thin section
( )
J
b M
d b J
t
xs
a
max
max
0
3
) (
3
1
=
=
}
o

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Torsional Constants
for an Open and Closed CS
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END SIDENOTE
Department of Aerospace Engineering
Torsion / Warping Sample Problem
Determine the warping
distribution when the thin-
walled c-channel section
is subjected to an anti-
clockwise torque of 10 Nm


Side Note:
G = 25 000 N/mm
2
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Torsion / Warping Sample Problem
4 3 3
mm 7 . 316 ) 5 . 2 50 5 . 1 25 2 (
3
1
= + = J
Origin for s (and A
R
) taken at intersection of web and axis of symmetry,
where warping is zero
Center of twist = Shear Center, which is located at:
(See torsion of beam open cross-section lecture)
4
2
mm 04 . 8
1
3
=
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
h
b
h
b
s

In wall 0-2:
1
04 . 8
2
1
s A
R
=
Since p
R
is positive
Positive
p
R

Department of Aerospace Engineering
Torsion / Warping Sample Problem
mm 01 . 0
7 . 316 25000
10 10
04 . 8
2
1
2
1
3
1 02
s s w =

|
.
|

\
|
=
Warping distribution is linear in 0-2 and:
mm 25 . 0 25 01 . 0
2
= = w
Department of Aerospace Engineering
Torsion / Warping Sample Problem
In wall 2-1:
2 1
25
2
1
04 . 8
2
1
s s A
R
=
} }
+ = ds p ds p A
R R R 21 02
2
1
2
1
??
mm 04 . 8
21
02
=
= =
R
R
p
p
p
R21

-25 mm
Negative
p
R

The are Swept by the generator
in wall 2-1 provides negative
contribution to A
R

Department of Aerospace Engineering
Torsion / Warping Sample Problem
( ) mm 04 . 8 03 . 0
7 . 316 25000
10 10
25
2
1
25 04 . 8
2
1
2
2
3
2 21
s
s w
=
=

|
.
|

\
|
=
Again, warping distribution is linear in wall 2-1,
going from -0.25 mm at pt.2 to 0.54 mm at pt.1

The warping in the lower half of the web and
lower flange are obtained from symmetry