GENDER ISSUES

by Don L. F. Nilsen and Alleen Pace Nilsen

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Gender Differences

Betty Boop

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Breast Cancer

A Computer Program for Generating Gendered Language

Moshe Koppel and his fellow computer scientists at Bar-Ilan University have developed a computer algorithm that can examine an anonymous text and determine, with accuracy rates of better than 80 percent, whether the author is male or female. Women are far more likely than men to use personal pronounsI, you, she, myself, or yourself and the like. Men, in contrast, are more likely to use determinersa, the, that, and theseas well as cardinal numbers and quantifiers like more or some. Women talk about people; men talk about things. (Thompson [2009]: 363-365)

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Deborah Tannens Findings

In mens magazines, the sentences were always shorter, and the sentences in womens magazines had more feeling verbs. However, when women wrote for mens magazines, they wrote in the male style. It clearly was performance, Tannen notes. It didnt matter whether the author was male or female. What mattered was whether the intended audience was male or female. (Thompson [2009]: 366)

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The Pronoun Problem

We are told that because it is a plural pronoun, they must not be used to refer to single persons because it doesnt make sense. However the fact is that today, they is indeed both a singular and a plural pronoun, as indicated by the fact that all English speakers use it so. The idea that they is only a plural pronoun is an illusion based on the fallacy of treating the English of one thousand years ago as if it was somehow hallowed, rather than just one arbitrary stage of an endless evolution over time. (McWhorter [2009]: 377)
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Is the expression you guys gendered?

Oprah says it. My yoga instructor says it. College students around the country say it. The cast of Friends says it, as do my own friends, over and over again. At least ten to twenty times a day, I hear someone say you guys to refer to groups or pairs that include and some cases consist entirely of women. (Bilger [2009]: 381)
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 One guy is clearly male. How does a word become gender neutral just by being plural?
Can the same culture that says its a guy thing to refer to anything that women just dont get about male behavior view a woman as one of the guys? During the same decades in which feminist critiques of generic uses of man and he led to widespread changes in usageno mean featyou guys became even more widely accepted as an informal and allegedly gender-free phrase. (Bilger [2009]: 382)

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Internalized Oppression
Most of us are familiar with the idea of internalized oppression, the subtle process by which members of disenfranchised groups come to accept their own lesser status. We need to recognize that accepting guys as a label for girls and women is a particularly insidious example of that process. (Bilger [2009]: 383)
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 As a solution, some feminists have suggest such alternatives to guys as yall, you all, you-uns, yoonz, people, and even folks. But none of these solutions have widely caught on. Is guy a real problem? Alice Walker says,
I see in its use some womens obsequious need to be accepted, at any cost, even at the cost of erasing their own femaleness, and that of other women. Isnt it at least ironic that after so many years of struggle for womens liberation, women should end up calling themselves this? (Bilger [2009]: 384)
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The Chicken Metaphor

The chicken metaphor tells the whole story: a young girl is a chick; then she marries and begins feeling cooped up, so she goes to hen parties where she cackles with her friends. Then she has her brood. And when they leave the nest, she begins to henpeck her husband, and finally turns into an old biddy. (A. Nilsen [2009]: 279, 287)
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Gendered Animal Names Explain the Denotations & Connotations Generic

Cat

Male
tom cat

Female
pussy cat, to tomcat, to pussyfoot, a pussy pussy willow kittenish vs. catty hen, biddy, chicken

Chicken

Cow Deer Dog Donkey Fox Frog

rooster/cock capon bull/steer buck/stag jackass

cow/heifer doe bitch jenny vixen

(A. Nilsen [2009]: 279-289)

bullfrog

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Goat
Goose Horse

billygoat

stallion/stud gelding

nannygoat kids & kidding gander mare/filly

Ladybug Ladybug Peacock Peacock Peahen Pig Boar Sow Rabbit Playboy Bunny Seacow Seacow Sheep Ram/wither Ewe (A. Nilsen [2009]: 279-289)
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Contrast Denotations & Connotations Male vs. Female

Adjutant Chef Clerk Typist Doctor/Medic Duke King King Sized Kingdom Maitre D Major Orderly Paternity Suit Professional Tailor Helpmate Cook Secretary Nurse, to nurse Duchess Queen Queen Sized *Queendom Waitress Majorette Cleaning Lady Maternity Suit Professional Seamstress (A. Nilsen [2009]: 279-289)

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Animal Sexual Discrimination

Many years ago, when Alleen Nilsen took her first graders on a field trip to a chicken hatchery in Fairfax County, Virginia she noticed a guy who would pick up each chick, examine it, and place half of them back on the conveyer belt and the other half into a big barrel three-fourths full of fluffy little bodies still peeping and squawking. (Nilsen [2009]: 288)
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 When a smart little girl asked about the chicks in the barrel, Alleen pretended not to hear the question, but she realized that the male chicks were being discriminated against because they couldnt lay eggs.
In the same way, most male cows are castrated to become steers and slaughtered as beef, because they cant produce milk or calves. (Nilsen [2009]: 288)

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Human Sexual Discrimination

With humans, the sexual discrimination goes the opposite direction. When the Nilsens visited an orphanage in Afghanistan they found only male orphans.

At first they assumed that the cute female orphans had been adopted, but they later discovered that they had been abandoned and left to die because they were considered to be of little use to the community. (Nilsen [2009]: 288)
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 A March 10, 2008, BBC news story, Chinese Facing Shortage of Wives, warned that by 2020 China is expected to have 30 million more men than women.
The fact that we can now determine the sex of a baby before birth has resulted in the abortion of many female fetuses so that the difference between boys and girls in the South of China is as great as 130 boys to 100 girls. Similar statistics can be found for India and other Asian countries. (A. Nilsen [2009]: 288)
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The B-Word
Andi Zeisler is the editor and creative director of a quarterly magazine named, Bitch: Feminist Response to Pop Culture. Bitch is a fresh, revitalizing voice for feminism, one that welcomes complex arguments, showcases witty and whip-smart critiques of popular culture, and refuses to ignore the contradictory and sometimes uncomfortable details that constitute the realities of life in an unequivocally gendered world. (Zeisler [2009]: 297)

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 When you work for a magazine called Bitch, the phone tends to ring a lot when the word pops up in the news, such as:
When the New York City Council banned the word,
When New York Knicks coach Isiah Thomas used the term to describe Anucha Browne Sanders, then a Knicks marketing executive When one of John McCains supporters used the word to refer to Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton. (Zeisler [2009]: 297)
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 Bitch is a word we use culturally to describe any woman who is strong, angry, uncompromising and, often, uninterested in pleasing men. We use the term for a woman on the street who doesnt respond to mens catcalls or smile when they say, Cheer up, baby, it cant be that bad. We use it for the woman who has a better job than a man and doesnt apologize for it.

We use it for the woman who doesnt back down from confrontation.
Its a bad word because of a constantly perpetuated mindset that deems powerful women to be scary, angry and, of course, unfeminine. (Zeisler [2009]: 298)

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 We hoped that we could reclaim bitch for mouthy, smart women in much the way that queer had been repurposed by gay radicals. As Lisa wrote in the magazines mission statement, If being an outspoken woman means being a bitch, well take that as a compliment, thanks.
When these people call Clinton (or House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, or Senator Dianne Feinstein or former vice-presidential candidate Geraldine Ferraro) a bitch, or even the cutesier rhymes-with-witch, its an expression of pure sexisma hope that they can shut up not only one woman but every woman who dares to be assertive. (Zeisler [2009]: 299)
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 My own definition of the term being what it is, I can confidently say that I want my next president to be a bitch, and that goes for men and women. Outspoken? Check. Commanding? Indeed. Unworried about pleasing everybody? Sure. Wont bow to pressure to be nice? You bet. And guess what? Im not even sure that person is Hillary Clinton. (Zeisler [2009]: 300)

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The C-Word
In an article entitled In Defense of the Chick Flick, Gloria Steinem suggests that the chick flick is not such a bad genre:

It has more dialogue than special effects, more relationships than violence, and relies for its suspense on how people live instead of how they die. (Steinem [2009]: 302)
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Steinem Suggests that Male Authors Often Write Chick Flick Novels
Steinem asks if the following novels would have received such positive attention if they had been written by female authors:
What if Anna Karenina had been written by Leah Tolstoy Or if Madame Bovary had been written by Greta Flaubert Or if A Dolls House had been written by Henrietta Ibsen (Steinem [2009]: 302)
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The C-Word vs. the P-Word

Steinem suggests that the opposite of the chick flick should be called the prick flick. These would include: All the movies that glorify World War II All of the movies that glorify Vietnam, bloody regional wars, and the war on terrorism All the movies that portray violence against women, preferably beautiful, sexy, half-naked women All the movies that insist female human beings are the only animals on earth that seek out and even enjoy their own pain. (Steinem [2009]:303-304)
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Mother- and Daughter-Talk

The complaint I heard most often from daughters was, My mother is always criticizing me. The corresponding complaint from mothers was, I cant open my mouth. She takes everything as criticism. (Tannen [2009]: 357-358)
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Mothers Criticisms: Hair, Clothing, and Weight

When visiting my parents a few years ago, I was sitting across from my mother when she asked, Do you like your hair long? I laughed, and she asked what was funny. I explained that in my research, I had come across many examples of mothers who criticize their daughters hair. I wasnt criticizing, she said, looking hurt. I let the matter drop. A little later, I asked, Mom, what do you think of my hair? Without hesitation, she said, I think its a little too long. Hair is one of what I call the Big Three that mothers and daughters critique (the other two are clothing and weight). (Tannen [2009]: 358-359)

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Deborah Tannen and her mother at Georgetown University

When I showed her my office with my name on the door and my publications on the shelf, she seem pleased and approving. Then she asked, Do you think you would have accomplished all of this if you had stayed married? Absolutely not, I said. If Id stayed married, I wouldnt have gone to grad school to get my Ph.D.

Well, she replied, if youd stayed married you wouldnt have had to. (Tannen [2009]: 360)
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Girl Behavior vs. Boy Behavior

A study was conducted in London, England in which little boy babies were dressed in pink and little girl babies were dressed in blue. The study found that the little boy babies (dressed in pink) were socialized more (more language interaction), while the little girl babies (dressed in blue) were allowed to go off on their own, climb on furniture and get into mischief.

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CULTURAL AND ETHNIC DIFFERENCES

Consider Woody Allens movie Annie Hall in terms of gender, ethnicity, and geography. Contrast Woody Allen and Annie Hall in terms of Jewish vs. Gentile, city (New York) vs. country, and male vs. female.

Contrast the following cultures in terms of power vs. solidarity: Arabic, British, Chinese, French, German, Greek, Japanese, Jewish, Malay, Navajo, Polish, Russian and Spanish

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A FEMALE GENRE: THE GOTHIC NOVEL

QUESTION: Why is it that many or most Gothic novels are written by women? MY ANSWER: Its because only in the Gothic novel can you have an adventure without leaving home. Do you agree or disagree?

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MALE AND FEMALE COMPUTER USERS

FOR WOMEN TO COMMENT: Women computer users tend to be more practical, neat, clean, quiet, emotional, non-linear, and interactive. They like chat groups, and group bonding. FOR MEN TO COMMENT: Men computer users tend to be dirty and noisy. They explore and adventure more. They are more linear, individual and competitive. They use more put-downs, and flaming. Their language is not process, but is more concerned with getting to the point.

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MALE VS. FEMALE FLOUTING

Jacob Mey says, Males, being socially more powerful, are able to define the conditions that prevail in a given social situation, including the right to `flout a [conversational] maxim. (Mey 202)

Suellen Rundquist shows male flouting in the following:

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 IN THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLE:

Notice that Dad not only instigates the flouting, but manages to engage everybody, including a child participant and finally Mum herself, in this bout of Mummy-bashing. (Mey 203)
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MUM: I used to spend a lot of time playing field hockey, good sport. DAD: Yeah, Mummy was probably playing field hockey when Herbert Hoover took office. MUM: Yeah

DAD: Woodrow Wilson and Teddy Roosevelt.

MUM: Mhm DAD: George Washington

CHILD: Abraham Lincoln

DAD: Aristotle and CHILD: Thomas Jefferson

MUM: Yeah,even when they bombed Pearl Harbor I was.

(Rundquist 437)

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MALE VS. FEMALE LANGUAGE STRATEGIES

Tag Questions Rising Intonations Hedges

Indirect Language
Diminutives Euphemism Politeness Phenomena

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MALE VS. FEMALE CONVERSATIONS

Status vs. Support Independence vs. Intimacy Advice vs. Understanding Information vs. Feelings

Orders vs. Proposals

Conflict vs. Compromise
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MALE VS. FEMALE LANGUAGE STRATEGIES

Men are lecturers; women are listeners. Men use more negative face; women use more positive face. Men are more exclusive; women are more inclusive. Mens language is vertical (competive); womens language is horizontal (social). Men take and hold the floor more; women share the floor. However for many men and women, these tendencies are becoming reversed.
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PHALLIC SYMBOLS
In Dan Browns The Da Vinci Code the Star of David is reinterpreted as the blade and the chalice.

The Club is a device that inserted into an automobiles steering wheel at an angle. It is advertised as follows:

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!54 Beward of imitations! THE CLUB! Anti-theft device for cars POLICE SAY: USE IT

OR LOSE IT
(Mey 324)
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PRIMATE STUDIES
In virtually all primate studies involving language, the primates that are chosen for the experiments are female. Is socialization, and the resulting interactional language skills, a crossspecies development?

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PRONOUNS
In July of 1993, Judge Robert Zack of Broward County, Florida, found topless hot-dog vendor Terri Cortina not guilty of indecent exposure. In court, Zack read aloud a law that stipulated that it is illegal for any person to expose or exhibit his sexual organs. Zack continued, I dont think this lady has male sexual organs. I [have] no choice but to release her. (Reader, Chicago, December 4, 1992, Section 4, p. 25)

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 Contrast this Chicago event with the Austin, Texas City Ordinances which say that it is legal for a woman to appear topless in public so that the ordinance can be applied equally to the two sexes.
(Mey 323)

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STATUS DIFFERENCES
People in power tend to use more male strategies; they tend to use less indirect language, fewer politeness phenomena, and more negative face. Contrast Dominance vs. Difference in gender issues

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TOP-DOWN THINKING
Otto Jespersen (the Great Dane) found that women had better language skills than men. After reading a text, they remembered more than men did. He attributed this to the fact that women had vacant chambers of the mind while mens minds had better things to think about.

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GENDER HUMOR
When Noel Coward approached Edna Ferber, who was wearing a mannish looking suit, he commented, You look almost like a man. Her response was, So do you.
(Nilsen & Nilsen 130)

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ARE COMPUTERS MALE OR FEMALE?

Gender awareness is so important now, that people are wondering whether to use the masculine or the feminine pronoun for computers. Those who feel that computers are masculine point out:

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1.

In order to get their attention you have to turn them on. They have a lot of data but are still clueless. They are supposed to help you solve problems, but half the time they are the problem.

2. 3.

4.

As soon as you commit to one, you realize that if you had waited a little longer, you could have had a better model.

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Those who feel that computers are femine point out: 1. 2. No one but the Creator understands their internal logic. The native language they use to communicate with other computers is incomprehensible to everyone else. Even your smallest mistakes are stored in long-term memory for later retrieval.

3.

4.

As soon as you make a commitment to one, you find yourself spending half your paychecks on accessories for it. (Nilsen & Nilsen 135-136)

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TURN TAKING
No man would listen to you talk, if he didnt know it was his turn next. --Edgar Watson

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What does Queer mean?

Something queer is happening to the word queer. Originally a synonym for odd or unusual, the word evolved into an anti-gay insult in the last century, only to be reclaimed by defiant gay and lesbian activists who chanted: Were here; were queer; get used to it. (Irvine [2009]: 369)
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 Stacy Harbaugh says that she loves the word queer because in one word, you can refer to the alphabet soup of gay, lesbian, bisexual, questioning, heteroflexible, omnisexual, pansexual, and all of the other shades of difference in that fluid, changing arena of human sexuality.
James Cross adds the word metrosexual to the queer discussion. A metrosexual refers to straight men like him who are into designer clothes, love art and fashion, and even enjoy shopping (much like queer-eyed straight guys.

Still, the word queer is very context sensitive. It really matters who says it and why theyre saying it. (Irvine [2009]: 370)
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!GAY PRIDE
In 1999, Reverend Jerry Falwell was given credit for outing Tinky Winky, one of the four Teletubbies in the British television show for infants.

An article entitled Parents Alert: Tinky Winky Comes Out of the Closet in the National Liberty Journal gave the following evidence that Tinky Winky is gay:

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 !Tinky Winky is purple (which is a gay-pride color). His antenna is triangle-shaped (a gaypride symbol).
And he carries a magic bag that resembles a purse. (Nilsen & Nilsen 131)
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 !!Because of this publicity, there was a huge surge in Tinky Winky sales, and as people started looking for other gay icons. It was pointed out that
Barney is also purple,

and what about those triangle road signs that say Yield?
And what about Fred Flintstone and Barney Rubble, or Bert and Ernie on Sesame Street?
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 !!!Batman and Robin were especially under suspicion: Two single guys, living together, carrying on a double life, tooling around together in the Batmobile, which they drove into the dark and mysterious recesses of the Batcave.
(Nilsen & Nilsen 131)

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Sex and the City

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Popeye: A Male Icon

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Gender Issues If Women ruled the World

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!Gender Humor Web Sites

AMERICAN DAD: http://www.fox.com/americandad/ BEWITCHED: http://www.bewitched.net/ CELTIC HUMOR: What lies beneath the Scottish kilt? http://www.youtube.com/watch_popup?v=MZ35SOU9HTM MARGARET CHO: http://www.moviesbox.us/comedy/margaret-cho-assassin-2005.html

DESPERATE HOUSEWIVES: http://abc.go.com/primetime/desperate/index.html

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ELLEN DEGENERES: http://ellen.warnerbros.com/

EVERYBODY LOVES RAYMOND: http://www.cbs.com/primetime/everybody_loves_raymond/

THE FAIRLY ODD PARENTS: http://www.nick.com/shows/the_fairly_oddparents/index.jhtml

FRIENDS: http://www2.warnerbros.com/friendstv/container.html FULL HOUSE: http://www.tv.com/fullhouse/show/1026/summary.html GENDERED NAMES: http://www.mitchellrose.com/NameCategories.html IM A MAN. I CAN FIX THAT: http://www.world-wide-ed.com/2010/11/22/im-a-man-i-can-fix-that-part-i
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THE GOLDEN GIRLS: http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0088526/ TAYLOR MALI (ON GIRLS LENDING PENS): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=44sXwJgqUyc&NR=1

MALE STEREOTYPES: http://www.ThereIfixedit.com

MARRIED WITH CHILDREN: http://www.marriedwithchildren.com/ MAUDE: http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/M/htm1M/maude/maude.htm THE NEW ADVENTURES OF OLD CHRISTINE: http://www.cbs.com/primetime/old_christine/ THE QUEENS OF COMEDY (SUSAN HOROWITZ): http://www.drsue.com
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QUEER EYE FOR THE STRAIGHT GUY: http://www.bravotv.com/Queer_Eye

ROSEANNE: http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0094540/ RULES OF ENGAGEMENT: http://www.cbs.com/primetime/rules_of_engagement/ SEX AND THE CITY: http://www.hbo.com/city/ SARAH SILVERMAN PROGRAM BLOG: http://sarahblog.comedycentral.com/

STILL STANDING: http://www.cbs.com/primetime/still_standing/

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TOSH.O--WOMEN CAN DO ANYTHING MEN CAN DO: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qMwPq-a-8W4

TWO AND A HALF MEN: http://www.cbs.com/primetime/two_and_a_half_men/ THE VICAR OF DIBLEY: http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b006qgfj WAR AT HOME: http://www.fox.com/warathome/ WILL AND GRACE: http://www.nbc.com/Will_&_Grace_Finale/

WOMEN'S HUMOR (JANE CURRY) http://www.janecurry.com

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Ensler, Eve. The Vagina Monologues: The V-Day Edition. New York, NY: Spectator Publishing Company, 2001.
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Herzog, Thomas R., and Andrew J. Hager. The Prediction of Preference for Sexual Cartoons. HUMOR: International Journal for Humor Research 8.4 (1995): 385-405. Horowitz, Susan. Queens of Comedy: Lucille Ball, Phyllis Diller, Carol Burnett, Joan Rivers, and the New Generation of Funny Women. New York, NY: Gordon and Breach, 1997. Irvine, Martha. Queer Evolution: Word Goes Mainstream (Eschholz, Rosa & Clark [2009]: 369-371).
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