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Parts Of Speech

Group Member :
1.Manoj Adhikari
2.Mohimur Rahman

3.Jayanti Das Jaya


4.Tanjina Akhter

5.Shamima Yeasmin

Background
In grammar, a part of speech is a linguistic category of words which is generally defined by the syntactic or morphological behavior of the lexical item in question. Common linguistic categories include noun and verb, among others. There are open word classes, which constantly acquire new members, and closed word classes, which acquire new members infrequently if at all.

The classification of words into lexical categories is found from the earliest moments in the history of linguistics. In the Nirukta, written in the 5th or 6th century BCE.

Classification Of Parts of Speech :


1. Noun: a part of speech inflected for case, signifying a concrete or abstract entity 2. Verb: a part of speech without case inflection, but inflected for tense, person and number, signifying an activity or process performed or undergone 3.Adjective: an adjective is a 'describing' word; the main syntactic role of which is to qualify a noun or noun phrase, giving more information about the object signified.

4. Interjection: a part of speech expressing emotion alone 5. Pronoun: a part of speech substitutable for a noun and marked for person 6. Preposition: a part of speech placed before other words in composition and in syntax 7. Adverb: a part of speech without inflection, in modification of or in addition to a verb 8. Conjunction: a part of speech binding together the discourse and filling gaps in its interpretation.

NOUN
Noun comes from the Latin nmen "name", a translation of Ancient Greek noma.
Proper nouns and common nouns : A proper noun or proper name is a noun representing unique entities (such as London, Jupiter, Larry, or Toyota), as distinguished from common nouns which describe a class of entities (such as city, planet, person or car).

Countable and uncountable nouns :


Count nouns are common nouns that can take a plural, can combine with numerals or quantifiers (e.g., one, two, several, every, most), and can take an indefinite article (a or an). Examples of count nouns are chair, nose, and occasion. Collective nouns :

Collective nouns are nouns that refer to groups consisting of more than one individual or entity, even when they are inflected for the singular. Examples include committee, herd, and school (of fish). These nouns have slightly different grammatical properties than other nouns. For example, the noun phrases that they head can serve as the subject of a collective predicate, even when they are inflected for the singular.

Concrete nouns and abstract nouns : Concrete nouns refer to physical entities that can, in principle at least, be observed by at least one of the senses (for instance, chair, apple, Janet or atom). Abstract nouns, on the other hand, refer to abstract objects; that is, ideas or concepts (such as justice or hatred). While this distinction is sometimes exclusive, some nouns have multiple senses, including both concrete and abstract ones; consider, for example, the noun art, which usually refers to a concept (e.g., Art is an important element of human culture) but which can refer to a specific artwork in certain contexts (e.g., I put my daughter's art up on the fridge).

Noun phrases : A noun phrase is a phrase based on a noun, pronoun, or other noun-like word (nominal) optionally accompanied by modifiers such as adjectives.

Pronoun
Personal pronoun: stand in place of the names of people or things.
Reflexive pronouns are used when a person or thing acts on itself. English example: John cut himself. Reciprocal pronouns refer to a reciprocal relationship. English example: They do not like each other. Possessive pronouns are used to indicate possession or ownership.

Demonstrative pronouns distinguish the particular objects or people that are referred to from other possible candidates. English example: I'll take these. Indefinite pronouns refer to general categories of people or things. English example: Anyone can do that. Interrogative pronouns ask which person or thing is meant. English example: Who did that?

Relative pronouns refer back to people or things previously mentioned. English example: People who smoke should quit now.

Adjective
Attributive adjectives :Attributive adjectives are part of the noun phrase headed by the noun they modify; for example, happy is an attributive adjective in "happy people".

Predicative adjective :Predicative adjectives are linked via a copula or other linking mechanism to the noun or pronoun they modify; for example, happy is a predicate adjective in "they are happy" and in "that made me happy."

Absolute adjective : Absolute adjectives do not belong to a larger construction and typically modify either the subject of a sentence or whatever noun or pronoun they are closest to; for example, happy is an absolute adjective in "The boy, happy with his lollipop, did not look where he was going.
Nominal adjective : Nominal adjectives act almost as nouns. One way this can happen is if a noun is elided and an attributive adjective is left behind. In the sentence, "I read two books to them; he preferred the sad book, but she preferred the happy", happy is a nominal adjective

Verb
Intransitive :The verb only has a subject. For example: "he runs", "it falls".
Transitive : the verb has a subject and a direct object. For example: "she eats fish", "we hunt nothing".

Adverb
Adverb of time : When.

Adverb of manner : How. Adverb of cause : As, since. Adverb of place : where.

Preposition
Prepositions are a grammatically distinct class of words whose most central members characteristically express spatial relations or serve to mark various syntactic functions and semantic roles In that the primary function is relational, a preposition typically combines with another constituent to form a prepositional phrase, relating the complement to the context in which the phrase occurs.

as a modifier to a verb as a modifier to a noun as a modifier of an adjective as the complement of a verb as the complement of a noun as the complement of an adjective or adverb as the complement of another preposition

Conjunction
a conjunction is a part of speech that connects two words, sentences, phrases or clauses together. A discourse connective is a conjunction joining sentences. This definition may overlap with that of other parts of speech, so what constitutes a "conjunction" must be defined for each language. In general, a conjunction is an invariable grammatical particle, and it may or may not stand between the items it conjoins.

Interjection
an interjection or exclamation is a word used to express an emotion or sentiment on the part of the speaker. Filled pauses such as uh, er, um are also considered interjections. Interjections are typically placed at the beginning of a sentence.

An interjection is sometimes expressed as a single word or nonsentence phrase, followed by a punctuation mark. The isolated usage of an interjection does not represent a complete sentence in conventional English writing. Thus, in formal writing, the interjection will be incorporated into a larger sentence clause. It also can be a reply to a question or statement.

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