Knowledge transfer is the practical problem of transferring knowledge from one part of the organization to another Knowledge transfer

r seeks to organize, create, capture or distribute knowledge and ensure its availability for future users

Knowledge transfer is complex because (1) Knowledge resides in organizational members, tools, tasks, and their sub networks (2) Much knowledge in organizations is tacit or hard to articulate.

Argote & Ingram (2000) define knowledge transfer as "the process through which one unit (e.g., group, department, or division) is affected by the experience of another

Teaching/Master Class: Presentation of fundamental and operational knowledge; review and discussion of a learner's specific problem or results in a group. (typically performed in corporate universities) Community of Practice: Groups of practitioners in a discipline that connect to seek/share experiences, develop/adopt practices or tools and develop/support a learning agenda. Technical Mentoring: Interaction between expert and learner to help the learner do a job more effectively and/or to progress in their career.

Job Shadowing / Apprenticeship: Opportunities for a learner to observe the expert interacting with others or doing more complex work. Guided Experience / Development Assignments: Carefully selected projects or work assignments that fill gaps in experience or broaden/deepen targeted skills. "Guided" includes expert observation and feedback. Typically research projects likecase studies, lessons learned, documentaries etc. Coaching: Combines mentoring, shadowing and observation to assess learner competency gaps, and guide development with timely performance feedback.

Knowledge Elicitation: Interview-based approach with expert to articulate big picture, mental models and detailed "how to" and "when to" guidance. Codification / Publication: Process of codifying knowledge to make it available to a wider audience, typically with little intermediation. This can take the form of blog posts, scientific publications, books, software code. Bookmarking / Library Management: Experts categorize and tag their database of digitized content, and add glossaries and thesauri, to make it easier for others to search and navigate into for future reuse.

Group Intervention Methods: Synchronous collaboration methods designed for large groups with a specific outcome in mind. Experts share experiences and knowledge in a facilitated meeting with a person or team who is looking for advice on a challenge, problem or project. Brainstorming, Open Space, Knowledge Marketplace

The inability to recognize & articulate "compiled" or highly intuitive competenciestacit knowledge idea Geography or distance Limitations of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) Lack of a shared/superordinate social identity Language Areas of expertise Internal conflicts Generational differences

Union-management relations Incentives The use of visual representations to transfer knowledge (Knowledge visualization) Problems with sharing beliefs, assumptions, heuristics and cultural norms. Previous exposure or experience with something. Misconceptions

Faulty information Organizational culture non-conducive to knowledge sharing Motivational issues Lack of trust Capability