CE 251 (Solid Mechanics)

Lecture-2 Introduction of Solid Mechanics

Anil Mandariya

What do we mean a solid?

A solid can sustain shear.

A body is and remains CONTINUOUS under the action of external forces. Consisting of continuous material points Neighboring points remain neighbors Neglecting its atomistic structure

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What is Solid Mechanics?

Mechanics is a branch of physics that is concerned with the analysis of the action of forces on matter or material systems. Solid Mechanics is mechanics about deformable solids. The solid bodies considered in this subject include bars with axial loads, shafts in torsion, beams in bending, and columns in compression.

Principal objective: To determine the stresses, strains, and displacements in structures and their components due to the loads acting on them.
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 If we can find these quantities for all values of the loads up to the loads that cause failure, we will have a complete picture of the mechanical behavior of these structures. An understanding of mechanical behavior is essential for the safe design of all types of structures, whether airplanes and antennas, buildings and bridges, machines and motors, or ships and spacecraft. Examine the stresses and strains inside real bodies, that is, bodies of finite dimensions that deform under loads. To determine the stresses and strains, we use the physical properties of the materials as well as numerous theoretical laws and concepts.
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 Theoretical analyses and experimental results have equally important roles. We use theories to derive formulas and equations for predicting mechanical behavior, but these expressions cannot be used in practical design unless the physical properties of the materials are known. Such properties are available only after careful experiments have been carried out in the laboratory. All practical problems are not amenable to theoretical analysis alone, and in such cases physical testing is a necessity. To determine the stresses and strains, we use the physical properties of the materials as well as numerous theoretical laws and concepts.
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Length scales where solid mechanics is valid

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What is Solid Mechanics about?

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Problems:
Your Efforts

1. Understanding the logical development of the concepts

2. Applying concepts to practical situations

By studying the derivations, discussions, and examples in each lecture

By solving the problems at the ends of the lectures and chapter

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Solid Mechanics
Part-1
Fundamental Concepts Treats general concepts that pertain to the entire solid mechanics, theories of stress and strain, linear stress straintemperature relations, yield criteria for multi axial stress states. These topics are intended to be read sequentially, more or less.

Part-2
Classical applications of the methods of mechanics of materials, namely, torsion, principle stress-strain, SF, BM, SFD & BMD, symmetricalnonsymmetrical bending and deflection of beams, shear center for thinwall beam cross sections, and buckling of columns. Anil Mandariya

Part-3
Introduces chapters on selected advanced topics, namely, fracture mechanics, energy formulation for deformable body (elastic strain energy, virtual work method, virtual 9 force)

Load-stress and load-deflection relations:

For most of the members, we derive relations, in terms of known loads and known dimensions of the member, for either the distributions of normal and shear stresses on a cross section of the member or for stress components that act at a point in the member. For a given member subjected to prescribed loads, the derivation of load-stress relations depends on satisfaction of the following requirements:
1. 2. The equations of equilibrium (or equations of motion for bodies not in equilibrium) The compatibility conditions (continuity conditions) that require deformed volume elements in the member to fit together without overlap or tearing. The constitutive relations
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3.

 Two different methods are used to satisfy requirements 1 and 2: the method of mechanics of materials and the method of general continuum mechanics.

1. Method of Mechanics of Materials:

Assumptions: Plane sections before loading remain plane after loading (requirement 2). application: axially loaded members of uniform cross sections, for slender straight torsion members having uniform circular cross sections, and for slender straight beams of uniform cross sections subjected to pure bending The method of mechanics of materials is used in solid mechanics to treat several advanced topics likely, Symmetrical-nonsymmetrical Bending of Straight Beams, torsion. Anil Mandariya 11

 Example: A simple member such as a circular shaft of uniform cross section may be subjected to complex loads that produce a multi axial state of stress in the shaft. However, such complex loads can be reduced to several simple types of load, such as axial, bending, and torsion. Each type of load, when acting alone, produces mainly one stress component, which is distributed over the cross section of the shaft. The method of mechanics of materials can be used to obtain load-stress relations for each type of load. If the deformations of the shaft that result from one type of load do not influence the magnitudes of the other types of loads and if the material remains linearly elastic for the combined loads, the stress components due to each type of toad can be added together (i.e., the method of superposition may be used).
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Example: Derivation of the flexure formula: Consider a symmetrically loaded straight beam of uniform cross section subjected to a moment M that produces pure bending.

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 The plane of loads lies in a plane of symmetry of every cross section of the beam. We assume that () is the major stress component and, hence, ignore other effects. Pass a section through the beam at the specified cross section so that the beam is cut into two parts. Consider a free-body diagram of one part. The applied moment M for this part of the beam is in equilibrium with internal forces represented by the sum of the forces that result from the normal stress () that acts over the area of the cut section. Equations of equilibrium (requirement 1) relate the applied moment to internal forces.
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 The plane of loads lies in a plane of symmetry of every cross section of the beam. Since no axial external force acts, two integrals are obtained as follows: *dA = 0 and *y*dA = M, where M is the applied external moment and y is the perpendicular distance from the neutral axis to the element of area dA. Since the stress distribution is not known, it is determined indirectly through a strain distribution obtained by requirement 2. The continuity condition (requirement 2) is examined by consideration of two cross sections of the undeformed beam separated by an infinitesimal distance
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 Under the assumption that plane sections remain plane, the cross sections must rotate with respect to each other as the moment M is applied. There is a straight line in each cross section called the neutral axis along which the strains remain zero. Since plane sections remain plane, the strain distribution must vary linearly with the distance y as measured from this neutral axis.

Requirement 3 is now employed to obtain the relation between the assumed strain distribution and the stress distribution. Tension and compression stress-strain diagrams represent the response for the material in the beam.
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 For sufficiently small strains, these diagrams indicate that the stresses and strains are linearly related.

Their constant ratio, / = E, is the modulus of elasticity for the material.

In the linear range the modulus of elasticity is the same for tension and for compression for many engineering materials.

Hence, the stress-strain relation for the beam is = *E. Therefore, both the stress and strain vary linearly with the distance y as measured from the neutral axis of the beam.
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 Hence, the equations of equilibrium can be integrated to obtain the flexure formula = M*y/I, where M is the applied moment at the given cross section of the beam and I is the moment of inertia of the beam cross section.

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2. Method of Continuum Mechanics, Theory of Elasticity:

Many of the problems likely noncircular torsion, thickwall cylinders, and stress concentration have multiaxial states of stress of such complexity that the method of mechanics of materials cannot be employed to derive load-stress and load-deflection relations. In such cases, the method of continuum mechanics is used. We consider small displacements and linear elastic material behavior only, continuum mechanics reduces to the method of the theory of linear elasticity.
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 In the derivation of load-stress and load-deflection relations by the theory of linear elasticity, an infinitesimal volume element at a point in a body with faces normal to the coordinate axes is often employed.

Requirement 1 is represented by the differential equations of equilibrium.

Requirement 2 is represented by the differential equations of compatibility. The material response (requirement 3) for linearly elastic behavior- is determined by one or more experimental tests that define the required elastic coefficients for the material.
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Methods in Solid Mechanics

1. Experiments:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Tension test Shear test Impact test Torsion test

2. Theory: 1. Continuum mechanics 2. Micromechanics 3. Constitutive model

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3. Computation: 1. Finite element methods 2. Boundary element methods 3. Molecular dynamics simulations

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Topics to be Cover:
1. Stress and Strain 2. Uniaxial Stress 3. Stress-Strain relationship

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4. Torsion

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5. Beams

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6. Bending in beam

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7. Shear stresses in beam

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8. Principle stress & strain

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9. Deflection of beam

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10. Column

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11. Failure criteria 12. Energy Formulation for deformable body

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