2013 August 7 Microwave Radio Principles

41st Signal Battalion Maintenance Support Team
1
AN INTRODUCTION TO
Digital Microwave Principles
(DMR)
Mr. Thomas Samuels U.S. Air Force Space and Missile System Center Range Network Systems Upgrades (RNSU) Peterson Air Force Base Colorado Springs, CO thomassamuels@us.af.mil
Microwave Principles
Foreword
This course provides guidance for technicians and operators explaining Microwave Basics Principles and Digital Microwave Communications, and how the Microwave Basic Principles apply to the Harris Megastar 155 Digital Microwave Radio commonly used by the U.S. Army in the Republic of Korea. Paving the way for learning how to maintain and providing trouble isolation techniques for the Harris Megastar 155 Digital Microwave Radio and associated Networking systems.
Learning Guide
Microwave communication was developed with the basis of the electromagnetic field theory commonly called Radio Frequency propagation.
Objectives
After this course, you will be able to explain:

Basic concepts and characteristics of a Digital Microwave Communication Systems Functions and principles of each component of the Harris Megastar 155 Digital Microwave Radio and associated Asynchronous Transfer Mode switching systems; commonly known as Digital Multiplexers. Common networking modes and application scenarios of Digital Microwave Communication as applied to the Harris Megastar 155 Digital Microwave Radio Propagation principles of Digital Microwave Communication and various types of fading Anti-fading technologies
Contents
1. 2. 3. 4.
Digital Microwave Communication Overview Digital Microwave Communication Equipment Digital Microwave Networking and Application Microwave Propagation and Anti-fading Technologies
Contents
Module 1
Digital Microwave Communication Overview
Transmission Methods in Current Communications Networks
Coaxial Cable Communication Optical Cable Communication
Microwave TE
Microwave TE
Microwave Communication
Mux Demux
Mux Demux
Satellite Communication
Microwave Communication vs. Optical Fiber Communication
8
Optical Fiber Communication
Optical fiber burying and land occupation required Large investment ,long construction period
Powerful space cross ability, little land occupied, not limited by land privatization Small investment, short construction period, easy maintenance
Strong protection ability against natural disaster and easy to be recover

Limited frequency resources (frequency license required) Transmission quality greatly affected by climate and landform Limited transmission capacity
Outdoor optical fiber maintenance required and hard to recover from natural disaster
Not limited by frequency
license not required
Stable and reliable transmission quality and not affected by external factors Large transmission capacity
Definition of Microwave
Microwave is a type of electromagnetic wave. In a broad sense, the frequency range is from 300 MHz to 300 GHz. But In microwave communication, the frequency range is generally from 3 GHz to 30 GHz. The Microwave frequency used for transmission of digital data by the U.S. Army in the Republic of Korea is between 7 GHz and 8 GHz According to the characteristics of microwave propagation, microwave frequencies can be considered as plane waves. The plane wave has no electric field or magnetic field longitudinal components along the propagation direction.
Definition of Digital Microwave
10
Digital microwave is a medium for transmitting digital information in the atmosphere through electronic magnetic commonly called Radio Frequency (RF) waves. Electromagnetic field theory is the basis on which microwave communication RF theory is developed. Microwave transmission refers to the communication that uses a microwave RF as carrier and adopts digital modulation techniques. The baseband signal is modulated to an intermediate frequency (IF) first. Then heterodyned (mixed) with the microwave transmission frequency(RF).
Note
Only phase shift key (PSK) modulation is applicable.
Development of Microwave Communication
11
Mega Bits per Channel
SDH digital microwave communication system
Transmission Capacity
155M
34M 140M
PDH digital microwave communication system
2M 4M 6M
Small and medium capacity digital microwave communication system
Late 1990s to now 1980s
480 voice channels
Analog microwave communication system
1970s Note Small Capacity < 10 Medium Capacity 10 to 100 Large Capacity > 100
1950s
Mbits/Channel Mbits/Channel MBits/Channel
Definition of Digital Microwave
Microwave Radio Frequency used in by the U.S. Army in the Republic of Korea is 6 GHz to 8 GHz
12
104
108
109 1010
1011
1012
1015
1016
1018
1020
Regional Network
2 8 34 Mbits/sec Mbits/sec Mbits/sec
Regional Network Local Network Boundary Network

2 8 34 140 155 Mbits/sec Mbits/sec Mbits/sec Mbits/sec Mbits/sec
Long Haul Trunk Network

155 Mbits/sec
GHz
1.5
2.5
3.5
10
11
20
30
40
50
Microwave Radio Frequency Configuration
9x109 9 GHz 10x10910 GHz
13
4x109 4 GHz 5x109 5 GHz 6x109 6 GHz 7x109 7 GHz 2 cm 8x109 8 GHz 3 cm
1x109 1 GHz
2x109 2 GHz 60 cm
70 cm
60 cm
3x109 3 GHz
80 cm
90 cm
1 cm
Microwave Radio Wave Length in Meters

11 GHz, 13 GHz, 15 GHz, 18 GHz 23 GHz 26 GHz 32 GHz 38 GHz
(as defined by International Telecommunications Union radio spectrum (ITU-R) recommendations).
4 cm 5 cm
Microwave Radio Frequency Configuration - 2
Frequency Band Selection and RF Channel Configuration
14
Frequency Range
fc Center Frequency
Low Frequency Band
T/R Spacing
High Frequency Band
T/R Spacing
f1
Channel Spacing
f2
fn
f1
Channel Spacing
f2
fn
In each frequency band and frequency sub-band the transmit/receive (T/R spacing) and channel spacing are defined
Microwave Radio Frequency Configuration - 3
Frequency Band Selection and RF Channel Configuration - 2
15
Frequency Range 7425 MHz 7725 MHz Fc (7575 MHz)
T/R Spacing 154 Mbits
28 Mbits
f1 = 7442 MHz Frequency Range 7425 MHz 7725 MHz 7110 MHz 7775 MHz 7250 MHz 7550 MHz
f2 = 7470 MHz Fc MHz 7575 7575 7225 7597 7400 T/R Spacing MHz 154 161 196 196 161 28 7 28 28 3.5
f1 = 7596 MHz Channel Spacing MHz
f2
f5
Primary and Non-Primary Stations fn = fc 161 + 28n fn = fc 7 + 28n (n:1-5)
In each frequency band and frequency sub-band the transmit/receive (T/R spacing) and channel spacing are defined
Digital Microwave Communication
Modulation 1
Characteristics and Advantages
16
Transmission media
Copper media Microwave Radio Optical Fiber Infra Red Radio
Microwave radio terminal - three Basic Modules to interface with equipment and convert traffic to a modulated signal
Base Band (SPU) Radio Frequency Unit (RFU) Antenna Coupling Unit ((ACU) IDU ODU - (The IDU is connected to the ODU via the IF cable) not used.
Commonly used capacity configurations

155 Mega Bits per Second In the United States the basic Data Transfer Rate is a data stream 1.55 mbps In Europe the basic Data Transfer Rate is a data stream of 2.048 Mbps
Advantages
Lower start up and operational cost
Synchronization Digital Hierarchy (SDH) is a technology used in telecommunication systems to transport large quantities of date over digital transport equipment such as microwave systems
In a SDH system every equipment is provide timing by an external timing source currently the industry is GPS timing. In a PDH system provides an internal clock generating its the synchronization.
Megastar 155 Microwave Radio
Modulation 2
Modulation
17
Modulation defined - Addition of information (or signal) to an electronic or optical carrier. Modulation can be applied to direct current (mainly by turning it on and off), to alternating current, or to optical signals. Example - think of a blanket waving as a form of modulation used in smoke signal transmission (the carrier being a steady stream of smoke).
A device which varies a characteristic of a repetitious electrical or electromagnetic wave of less than infrared frequency in accordance with a characteristic of an arbitrarily varying modulating signal.
Modulation 3
Demodulation
18
Demodulation definition - The conversion of a modulated carrier wave into a current equivalent to the original signal. Also called detection. The act or process by which an output wave or signal is obtained having the characteristics of the original modulating wave or signal; the reverse of modulation
Note Generic class for demodulators. A demodulator is a device which extracts arbitrarily varying information from a signal formed by varying a characteristic of a repetitious electrical or electromagnetic wave of less than infrared frequency.
Modulation 4
19
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) Uses the digital baseband signal to change the carrier amplitude (A), carrier frequency (fc) and carrier phase () remain unchanged. Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) Uses the digital baseband signal to change the fc, A and remain unchanged. Phase Shift Keying (PSK) Uses the digital baseband signal to change the , fc and A remain unchanged.
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) Uses the digital baseband signal to change the and A, fc remains unchanged
Modulation 5 The baseband signal is the un-modulated digital signal. The baseband IF can not be directly transmitted over microwave radio channels and must be heterodyned (mixed) the RF (7GHz or 8GHz) for microwave medium for communication. Transmitted Service Signal PSK and QAM are most frequently used in digital microwave transmission
Service Signal Transmitted
20
S i g n a l R a t e
Modulation
Digital Base band
Baseband
Intermediate Frequency Signal
Modulation 6 Voltage Digital 0
21
Time
Phase Shift Voltage Digital 0
Phase Shift Modulation
Time
Un-Modulated (reference) Modulated ( Phase Shifted) Voltage Digital 0
Phase Shift Amplitude Modulation
Time
Modulation 7
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation - 1
22
The higher the modulation stage smaller the channel/ bandwidth gets more sensitive to interference
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy DMRS 155/Mbits/sec Transmission Channel 128 QAM Bandwidth < 26 MHz
QAM-128
QAM-64
QAM-16
Modulation 8
23
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Constellation Diagram Examples Quadrature Amplitude Modulation is actually in displayed in Polar Coordinate representation The I and Q component is converted to a two dimensional plane representation. Where I is in the X Plane Q is in the Y Plane The Diagram is a working model demonstrating I and Q
QAM -128 64 bits per Quaadrant
QAM 64 16 bits per Quadrant
QAM-16 4 bit per quadrant
QPSK
Modulation 9
24
QAM is a family of encoding schemes that are widely used for encoding multiple bits of 1 and 0 per symbol that combine Amplitude and Phase Modulation, with frequency remaining constant.
16, 64, 128 QAM are a common forms using 8 bit, 32 bit , and 64 bit phase shifts and 2 changing amplitude levels, respectively.

For 16 bit QAM - Since there are 16 possible symbols, each symbol encodes 4 bits For 64 bit QAM - Since there are 64 possible symbols each encoded symbol represents 8 bits For 128 bit QAM - Since there are 128 possible symbols each encoded symbol represents 32 bits (The scheme most commonly used)
QAM and related techniques are commonly used for precise transmission and reception of digital data streams. (More commonly used for modems with a data rate of up to about 28 kilobits/second. )
Modulation 10
25
Voltage
0 Digital
Time
Time
Voltage
Digital
Amplitude Modulation Phase Shift Modulation
Phase Shift
Voltage
Time
Un-Modulated (reference) Modulated ( Phase Shifted)
Phase Shift
Modulation 11
26
In QAM applications, the (I & Q) modulation techniques allow the Analog to Digital Conversion (ADC) principle to first convert the analog input to a serialized digital bit stream and is applied to the QAM modulators. The reverse action occurs at the receiver, the QAM de modulator sends the digital bit stream to a Digital to Analog Converter (DAC).
The diagram in the next slide shows the changing amplitude and phase modulated I and Q signals can be combined to form an efficient modulation system. In this example one digital signal changes the phase and another digital signal changes the amplitude (QAM) . In some digital microwave systems, a single digital signal is used to change both phase and amplitude of the RF signal. This allows a much higher data transfer rate as compared to a single modulation type.
Modulation 12
27
QAM is a combination of amplitude modulation, changing the amplitude or voltage of a sine wave to convey information together with phase modulation.
Explaining QAM modulation
Two modulating carrier waves are derived by special pre-processing from the information bit stream. Replica carrier waves are generated; one carrier wave is a direct replica sin (I) and the other carrier wave is delayed by a quarter of a cycle (90) cos (Q). Each of the two carrier waves are derived by modulating the signals to the amplitude of the two carrier waves I and Q respectively. The resultant two modulated signals are algebraically summed together, the result is an I and Q having a constant unchanging frequency while the amplitude and phase will vary to convey the information. At the detector or decoder the original information bit stream can be reconstructed.
QAM conveys a higher information bit rate. This method of modulation has the advantage of reducing or eliminating inter-modulation interference caused by a continuous carrier wave near the modulation sidebands. This carrier wave for all intents and purposes is a 'Double Sideband Signal' (DSB) with or without a carrier (reduced). (Only one side band is used for processing information).
Modulation 13
28
Digital Frame Structure 1
29
171.072 MB/s 1.552 MB/s RFCOH STM-1 155.2 MB/s SOH PAYLOAD
RFCOH: MLCM: DMY: XPIC: ATPC: WS: RSC: INI: ID: FA:
Radio Frame Complementary Over Head Multi-Level Coded Modulation Dummy cross polarization interference counteract Automatic Transmitter Power Control Wayside Services Radio Service Channel Switch Instruction Identifier Frame Alignment
MCLM 11.84Mb/s
DMY 64Kb/s
XPIC 16Kb/s
ATPC 64Kb/s
WS 2.24Kb/s
RSC 864Kb/s
INI 144Kb/s
ID 32Kb/s
FA 288Kb/s
Digital Frame Structure 2
Multiframe 3564 bits 6 bits FS 6 bits Basic Frame 1 1776 bits (148 words) FS 6 bits Basic Frame 2 1776 bits (148 words)
30
RFCOH is multiplexed into the STM-1 data and a block multi-frame is formed. Each multi-frame has six rows and each row has 3564 bits. One multi-frame is composed of two basic frames. Each basic frame has 1776 bits. The remaining 12 bits are used for frame alignment
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
C2
C2
C1
C1
C1
C1
C1
C1
C1
C1
12 bits (1st Word)

I C1 C2 FS a b STM1 information bit (OCR information bit) correction coding supervision bit of first level, correction coding supervision bit of second level frame synchronization bit other complementary overhead bits other complementary overhead bits
12 bits (148th Word)
Questions
31
What is microwave? What is digital microwave communication? What are the frequently used digital microwave frequency bands? What concepts are involved in microwave frequency setting? What are the most frequently used modulation schemes?
Contents
Module 2
32
Digital Microwave Communication Equipment
Microwave Equipment Category
System MUX/DEMUX Mode
33
Digital Microwave
Analog Microwave
PDH
SDH
Small and Medium Capacity Capacity

2 16 E1 34 Mbits/sec
Large Capacity
STM-0, STM-1, 2xSTM-1
Discontinued
Trunk
Structure
Split Mount Radio
All Outdoor Radio
Microwave Antenna 1
34
Antennas are used to send and receive microwave signals, a Parabolic antenna is the common type of the microwave antenna. Microwave antenna diameters includes
0.3m 0.6m 1.2m 1.8m 2.0m 2.4m 3.0m 3.7m 1 foot 2 feet 4 feet 6 feet
- 8 feet - 10 fee - 12 feet
Microwave Antenna 2
35
Channel 1 T x R x
Microwave Radio Parabolic Antennas are commonly used to TRANMIT and RECEIVE Microwave Radio Frequency (RF) signals. Channel 1
T x R x
Channel 1
Channel 1
T x
T x R x
R x
Antenna Adjustment 3
Side View
36
Half-power angle
Main lobe Main lobe

Tail lobe
Half-power angle
Top View
Main lobe
Tail lobe
37
During antenna adjustment, the two wrong adjustment cases are shown here. One antenna is aligned to another antenna through the sidelobe. As a result, the RSSI can not meet the requirements.
Wrong
Wrong
Correct
During antenna adjustment, Use a spectrum analyzer to observe the RSSI at the receiving end, perform fine adjustments on the antenna and observe the RF is signal is a maximum as observed on the spectrum analyzer, as demonstrated in the illustration to the right. Change the antenna direction vertically or horizontally, use a multimeter to observe voltage, the peak point of the voltage, perform fine adjustments on the antenna to peak the voltage point, (usually the voltage peak will be displayed as shown in the lower right corner) .
38
RF Display
When antennas are poorly aligned a small or no RF signal will be displayed, or a small voltage may be detected in one direction. In this case, perform coarse adjustment on the antennas at both ends, so that the antennas are roughly aligned.
The antennas at both ends that are well aligned face a little bit upward. Though 12 dB is lost, reflection interference will be avoided
AGC
AGC Voltage detection point
Main lobe position

Side Lobe Position Angle
Antenna Coupling Unit (ACU)
Trunk Microwave Equipment
Radio Frequency Unit (RFU) Low cost Large transmission capacity More stable performance applicable to long-haul and trunk transmission
39
The RF processing is performed in the Radio Frequency Unit(RFU) The Exciter is where and RF created and, where the RF and IF signals are heterodyned (mixed)
RF
antenna system is outdoors
Parabolic antenna
IF
Modulator Demodulator MUX DEMUX
Option
SDH MICROWAVE RADIO

Harris Megastar 155 Digital Microwave Transmission
(OC3)optical interface Multi-Mode
signal processing unit (SPU) - known as baseband module
40
Megastar 155 Microwave Radio Manufactured by Harris Corp

Operating Frequency 7.125 GHz to 8.275 GHz 70 MHz Intermediate Frequency (IF) Transmitter power 29.5 dB Receiver threshold -69.5 dB
system gain 99 dB
Receiver overload -17 dB Channel Bandwidth 30 MHz Channel Spacing 29.65 MHz Transmission Rate 155.52 Mb/Sec
41
The MegaStar 155 Microwave Radio is a high capacity point-to-point digital microwave radio available at 7/8 GHz.
Is a compact, single platform.
Can be upgraded from 1 to 7 high capacity channels (155 MBit/s each).

Features include 10BASE-T transport for OEM equipment connection to SNMP management, support for Open Network Management through an SNMP proxy, convenient provisioning with remote software download, Remote and Localinventorying Plug and play module replacement Easy maintenance with local IF loopback with built in test signal for BER measurement. consists of primary and redundant circuit cards and modules
Standard Features Provides a high level of readiness Receiver fully digital adaptive time domain equalization (ATDE) Receiver fully digital adaptive slope equalization Forward Error Correction (FEC) Anticipatory errorless receiver switching Reverse Path Protection Transmitter Automatic Transmit Power Control (ATPC)
Standard Features Provides a high level of readiness
Receiver fully digital adaptive time domain equalization (ATDE) Receiver fully digital adaptive slope equalization Forward Error Correction (FEC) Anticipatory errorless receiver switching Reverse Path Protection Transmitter Automatic Transmit Power Control (ATPC)
42
Offers self-aligning operation

Inventory Reporting (SCAN) System Control and Alarm Network - Remote Monitoring Farscan Local Diagnostics using portable computer (Laptop) Replace Me/Loss of Signal LED Automatic calibration of replacement circuit packs Local/Remote firmware replacement
Can consist of 2 Microwave Radio Systems in one shelf and each Systems consist of 3 subsystems each
1A. Antenna Coupling Unit (ACU) 1
43
1B. Antenna Coupling Unit (ACU) 2
2A. Radio Frequency Unit RFU) 1
2B.
Radio Frequency Unit (rfu) 2
3B. Signal Processor (SPU) 2
3A. Signal Processor (SPU) 1
Intermediate Frequency
44
Processes Digital Data Sends Digital Data to RF combiner for mixing digital data with the 70 MHz Intermediate Frequency (IF) commonly called the carrier frequency.
70 MHz
70 MHz 70 MHz
70 MHz
Single Side Band Carrier (IF) frequency
Double Side Band Carrier (IF) frequency
Frequency domain representation of input
Frequency domain representation of output
Intermediate Frequency The IF mixer extracts 70 MHz carrier frequency from the receiver RF Processes the 70 MHz carrier frequency to the demodulator input a part of the base band (Megastar 155 SPU)
45
70 MHz
Undesired Signals
Undesired Signals
Single Power Amplifier Configuration
46
B
ACU
ACU
Couples RF signal from Power Amplifier assembly to antenna
RFU
Receiver A Low Noise Converter PLS PLS IF Amplifier
Receiver B Low Noise Converter
IF Amplifier
Transmitter A Power Amplifier A RF Switch & Filter Assembly A
Transmitter B Power Amplifier B RF Switch & Filter Assembly B PLS B
PLS A
Parallel Power Amplifier Configuration
47
B
ACU
A
ACU Couples RF signal from Power Amplifier assembly to antenna
RFU
Receiver B Low Noise Converter
Receiver A Low Noise Converter PLS IF Amplifier RF Switch & Filter Assembly A Transmitter A Power Amplifier A
PLS IF Amplifier RF Switch & Filter Assembly B
Transmitter B Power Amplifier B
RF Switch & Filter Assembly A

PLS A
RF Switch & Filter Assembly B

PLS B
A B
48
ACU
ACU
Couples RF signal from Power Amplifier assembly to antenna
RFU
Receiver B
Low Noise Converter PLS
Receiver A
Low Noise Converter PLS IF Amplifier
IF Amplifier
Transmitter A
Power Amplifier A RF Switch & Filter Assembly A PLS A
Transmitter B
Power Amplifier B RF Switch & Filter Assembly B PLS B
Signal Processor Unit (SPU)
49
Slot 1 Slot 3 Slot 2 Slot 4
Slot 5 Slot 6 Slot 8
Slot 9 Slot 10
Slot 13 Slot 12
Slot 15 Slot 17 Slot 16 Slot 18
Transmitter Signal Flow
Tributary Interface Card
50
Slot 9
Slot 12
Modulator Card
51
Slot 8
Slot 16
Modulator Card
52
Selects the active Tributary Interface Transmitter Modulates 70 MHz Intermediate Frequency (IF) carrier 128 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) processes IF signal to transmitter (a part of the RFU assembly). Houses digital to analog converter. Two Fault Indicators and one connector
Fault LED indicates a fault or signal loss in the Modulator Unit

Active LED indicates Modulator is Active IF carrier out SMA connector Tx 70 MHz IF carrier out to the RFU
Controlled and monitored through SPU controller.
Phase Lock Source (Local Oscillator)
53
Produces Local Oscillator (LO) for up converter. Phase Lock Source

Active lit
Fault Ref Adj Ref Mon
Generates LO frequency for up converter to heterodyne the 70 MHz Intermediate Frequency (IF) (commonly called the carrier frequency) with the 7GHz 8GHz Radio Transmission Frequency (RF)
Radio Frequency (RF) Switch
RF Switch Assembly
54
Heterodynes the 70 MHz IF carrier from modulator and signal from LO together to produce double sideband signal. Passes upper or lower side band signal and RF carrier signal to RF switch assembly. Upper or lower sideband signal feeds through sideband select filter. (This filter passes only desired RF signal to power amplifier.)
RF Out
IF in
RF In
Radio Frequency Unit Controller
55
Part of the Power Amplifier assembly located in the power amplifier Controls the status and communications task for the RFU through the controller located in the SPU. Provides monitoring of the RFU assembly through the controller assembly in the SPU Supplies DC power for all associated RFU modules.
Transmitter Assembly Receiver Assembly
Antenna Coupler Unit
56
Two Types of Transmitter Power output configurations

Dual Power Amplifier

Single Power Amplifier
Filters and routes RF signals from transmitter power amplifier to antenna port.
Single Power Amplifier Configuration RF Out
57
Provides DC Power to transmitter, receiver, and RFU controller

Consists of power amplifier subassembly, RF controller and bias card. Provides RF amplification of the IF signal. ATPC - Automatic Transmitter Power Control.
Power Switch Fault LED Active LED RF In
Transmitter
Dual Power Amplifier Configuration
Power Control
58
Provides DC Power to transmitter, receiver, and RFU controller Consists of power amplifier subassembly, RF controller and bias card. Provides RF amplification of the IF signal. ATPC - Automatic
RF Out RFIn Power Switch Fault LED Active LED
59
Single Power Amplifier Antenna Coupling Unit Filters and routes RF signals from transmitter power amplifier to antenna port.
Dual Power Amplifier Antenna Coupling Unit (ACU) Filters and routes RF signals from transmitter power amplifier to antenna port. If needed power is boosted from the second power amplifier in the configuration
Antenna Signal Flow
60
Antenna System
Space Diversity (only for receiver)
The antenna transfers the Radio Frequency from the transmitter module and receiver module.
Waveguide
Receive Signal Flow
Antenna Coupling Unit
61
Couples RF signal from antenna to low noise converter
Receiver Assembly
Low Noise Converter Phase Lock Source IF filter/amplifier
Receive Signal Flow
Radio Frequency Unit
62
Low Noise Converter (LNC)

Amplifies received signal from ACU
Low Noise Converter
Mixes received signal with local oscillator frequency RF in
Fault Indicator
The LNC processes the data to the IF amplifier where the 70 MHz IF carrier is separated from the RF
Receive Signal Flow
Phase Lock Source (Local Oscillator)
63
Provides local oscillator frequency to LNC
Phase Lock Source

Active Fault Ref Adj Ref Mon
Receive Signal Flow
Intermediate Frequency (IF) Amplifier
64
provides constant output /selectivity level approximately 7 db lower than receiver power Improves delay and equalization with AGC current.
IF Amplifier
Fault IF out
Receive Signal Flow
Demodulator
65
Slot 5
Slot 16
The Demodulator accepts the digital data removed from the receiver , and sends the processed information to the Decoder.
Receive Signal Flow
Demodulator
66
Slope equalizes received 70 MHz IF carrier from RFU. Demodulates IF carrier information into digitized symbols (analog to digital converter).
Recovers clock from received signal.

Controlled and monitored by SPU.
Note
generic class for demodulators. A demodulator is a device which extracts arbitrarily varying information from a signal formed by varying a characteristic of a repetitious electrical or electromagnetic wave of less than infrared frequency. Classification herein is broadly by the type of modulation exhibited by the input signal.
Receive Signal Flow
Decoder
67
Slot 6
Slot 15
Receive Signal Flow
Decoder
68
Decodes the demodulated digital data QAM In-Phase and Quadrature signals Controls the demodulator card Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) Provides error correction based on Forward Error Correction (FEC) technology Controlled and monitored by SPU controller
Receive Signal Flow
69
Slot 9
Slot 12
Receive Signal Flow
70
Provides physical connection multi-mode fiber OC-3 connectivity. Recovers clock pulse of the incoming signal. Switches receivers errorless using DADE Differential Absolute Delay Equalization circuitry
The SPU one unit in a non-protected and two units in a protected configuration Three fault indicators
Fault LED indicates a fault Transmitter (Tx) LED indicates active transmitter Receive (Rx) LED indicates active receiver
The tributary Interface Unit is controlled and monitored via the SPU Controller NOTE
The Transmit and Receive indicators do not have to be on the same Tributary Indicator Card
DC to DC converter
71
Slot 4
Slot 17
DC to DC converter Requires + 24 volts DC to + 48 volts DC from proper power source.
72
Unit provides +12 VDC, -12 VDC and +5.2 VDC (regulated voltage) for SPU circuit card operation.
Standard power source

- 56 VDC to - 21 VDC or + 56 VDC to +21 VDC (with respect to ground).
USFK Digital Microwave Radio uses -48 Volts DC
Microwave Principles Megastar 155 Microwave Radio

Controller Card
73
Slot 10
Controller Card Monitors alarms and status of SPU shelf Provides control for transmitter/receiver switching
74
Stores and runs Megastar processor information

With loss of SPU Controller card
Process 90% of incoming traffic Loses automatic switching capabilities
One Controller card per system (no redundancy)
System Maintenance Farscan/NETBOSS (formerly Star Scan) diagnostic utility program TNOSC (Camp Walker) uses NETBOSS at monitor console for monitoring and diagnostic testing MST uses Farscan loaded on laptop for local diagnostic testing
75
64 KBPS allocated for overhead as F1 channel used for monitoring Megastar 155 Microwave Radio system through out South Korea Security levels 0 through 7 determine type and number of manual commands available at each site level determined by Master Farscan Administrator
System Maintenance Module fault indicator guide Blinking red - loss of signal prior to output signal Steady red - probable fault at observed indicator signal Green - Signal is good at module
76
System Maintenance Monitored and supervised via Farscan (Local Diagnostics) and NETBOSS (Remote Diagnostic) software. Remote monitoring by TNOSC at Camp Walker. Trouble isolation When necessary performed by MST through laptop computer connection.
77
Megastar Microwave radio automatically switches after fault detection the following sub systems: Transmitter Receiver No calibration or testing required after replacement of defective parts or defective units (modules).
Simplified Overall Block Diagram (final)
78
Antenna
Wave Guide
Wave Guide
Antenna
RF Out RF In RF Out ANTENNA COUPLING UNIT (ACU) RF In Transmit frequency + 70 Mhz RF In Receive frequency + 70 Mhz ANTENNA COUPLING UNIT (ACU)
RF Out
RF Out RF In
Receive Frequency + 70 Mhz
Transmit Frequency + 70 Mhz
RADIO FREQUENCY UNIT (RFU) 70 MHz IF 70 MHz IF RECEIVER A/B Transmitter A/B
RADIO FREQUENCY UNIT (RFU) 70 MHz IF 70 MHz IF RECEIVER A/B Transmitter A/B
Tributary Interface
Modulator
Tributary Interface
Modulator
ATM 36170
Signal Processor Unit

Demodulator/ Decoder
Signal Processor Unit Demodulator/

Decoder
ATM 36170
O&M Interface
O&M Conversion DC to DC Supervision Conversion Control
Power Interface
O&M Interface
O&M Conversion Supervision Control
DC to DC Conversion
Power Interface
Overall Block Diagram
Service Channel
79
Tributary Interface Unit
C r o s s C o n n e c t s
Microwave Frame Multiplexing
Modulation Tx IF
C a b l e I n t e r f a c e
From/To Antenna
Microwave Frame De-Multiplexing
Rx IF De-Modulation
Line Unit
Service Channel
O&M Interface
Supervision Channel Power Interface DC to DC conversion
Overall Block Diagram BASIC RF SIGNAL (RF) FLOW
80
Antenna
RF In ANTENNA COUPLING UNIT (ACU) RECEIVER A/B ANTENNA RADIO FREQUENCY UNIT (RFU) COUPLING TRANSMITTER A/B UNIT (ACU)
RF Out
ATM 36170
70 MHz IF 70 MHz IF
MODULATOR OC3 155 MBPS Tributary Interface Cards
SIGNAL PROCESSING UNIT (SPU)

DECODER DEMODULATOR
O&M Interface
O&M Conversion Supervision Control
DC to DC Conversion
Power Interface
Questions
81
What types are microwave equipment classified into? What are the key specifications of the microwave radio signal processing unit (sometimes called the base band module)? What are the key specifications of the microwave radio transmitter and receiver ? What are the key specifications of the antenna coupling unit? Can you describe the entire signal flow of a microwave transmission?
Summary
82
Classification of digital modules in microwave equipment Components of microwave equipment and their functions Antenna installation and key specifications of antennas
Functional modules of basic microwave radio

Signal flow of microwave transmission
Contents
Module 3
83
Digital Microwave Networking and Application
Common Networking Modes of Digital Microwave
84
Chain Network
Ring Network
Add/Drop Network
Hub Network
Relay Stations 1
Types of Digital Microwave
85
Relay Station
Terminal Station
ADD-DROP Relay Station
Terminal Station
Pivotal Station
Terminal Station
Relay Station 2
Types
86
ADD/DROP Relay Station Relay Station
Terminal Station
Terminal Station Pivotal Station
Terminal Station
Relay Stations 3
Types
87
Reflector
Passive Back to back Antenna Plane
Relay Station
RF Repeater
Active
IF Repeater Regenerative Repeater
Relay Station 4
Active Relay Station Active - bi-directional - without frequency shift. Directly amplifies the signal over radio frequency.
88
Regenerator Relay Station
The regenerator relay station is used to extend the transmission distance of microwave communication systems, or to deflect the transmission direction of the signal to avoid obstructions and ensure the signal quality is not degraded. After complete generation and amplification, the received signal is forwarded
Relay Station 5
Active Relay Station
89
Parabolic reflector passive relay station

Composed of two parabolic antennas connected by a soft waveguide back to back Often uses large-diameter antennas
PassiveStation
Special Meters are necessary to adjust antennas, (is time consuming) Near end is less than 5 km away
Relay Station 6
Plane Reflector Passive Relay Station Metal board having smooth surface, proper effective area, proper angle and distance with two communication points
Two Communication Points Two Communication Ports
90
Passive Relay Station
Relay Station 7
Passive Relay (Photos)
91
Passive Relay Station - Plane Reflector
Passive Relay Station - Parabolic Antenna
Application of Digital Microwave
92
Complementary Complementary networks to optical networks to optical networks, (access networks, (access networks from the networks from the last 1km) last 1km)
BTS Backhaul Transmission BTS Backhaul Transmission
Special Special transmission transmission Conditions Rivers, Conditions lakes, islands, etc Rivers, lakes, islands, etc
Microwave Microwave Applications Applications Emergency Emergency Communications Communications conventions, conventions, activities, danger activities, danger elimination, disaster elimination, disaster relief, etc. relief, etc VIP VIP Customer Customer Access Access
back RedundancyRedundancy back up links of important links up of important
Questions
93
What networking modes are frequently used for digital microwave? What are the types of digital microwave stations? What are the types of relay stations? What is the major application of digital microwave?
Module 4
94
Microwave Propagation and Anti-fading Technologies
Contents
95
Microwave Propagation and Anti-fading Technologies 4.1 4.2 4.3 Factors Affecting Electric Wave Propagation Various Fading in Microwave Propagation Anti-fading Technologies for Digital Microwave
Contents
96
4.1
Factors Affecting Electric Wave Propagation
Parameters in Microwave Propagation
Parameters 1 Fresnel Zone - Fresnel Zone Radius The elliptical region encircled by the trail of P is called Fresnel zone
97
Fresnel zone radius: Vertical distance from P to the TR line is the first Fresnel zone radius represented by Fn (n=1).
Parameters 2
Fresnel Zone - 2
98
Total Distance Fresnel Zone Antenna Height Earth Curvature Obstructions
Microwave Propagation
Parameters 2
Fresnel Zone - 3 A
h0 h0 hc h1 hs
99
B
d1 d
d2
Along the microwave propagation trail, obstruction from buildings, trees, and mountain peaks is sometimes inevitable. If the height of the obstacle enters the first Fresnel zone, additional loss might be caused. The received level is decreased and the transmission quality is affected. Clearance is used to avoid the case described previously The vertical distance from the obstacle to AB line segment is called the clearance of the obstacle on the trail. For convenience, the vertical distance hc from the obstacle to the ground surface is used to represent the clearance. In practice, the error is not big because the line segment AB is approximately parallel to the ground surface. If the first Fresnel zone radius of the obstacle is F1, then hc / F1 is the relative clearance
Wave Propagation
Factors Affecting - Electric
Terrain
10 0
Smooth ground or water surface can reflect part of the signal energy transmitted by the antenna to the receiving antenna and cause interference to the main wave(direct wave). The vector sum of the reflected wave and main wave increases or decreases the composite wave. As a result, the transmission becomes unstable, therefore in microwave link design, avoid reflected waves as much as possible If reflection is inevitable, make use of the terrain ups and downs to block the reflected waves
Radio Frequency Relay Station
Plane Reflector Passive Relay Station
10 1
Metal board having smooth surface, proper effective area, proper angle and distance with two communication points
Two Communication Points Two Communication Ports
Passive Relay Station
Wave Propagation
Factors Affecting Electric
Terrain 2
10 2
Different reflection conditions of different terrains have different effects on electric wave propagation. Terrains are classified into the following four types:
Type A Type B Type C Type D mountains (or cities with dense buildings) hills (gently wavy ground surface) plains (flat Land) large-area water surface
The reflection coefficient of mountains is the smallest, and thus the mountain terrain is most suitable for microwave transmission. The hill terrain is less suitable. When designing circuits, try to avoid smooth plane such as water surface
Wave Propagation
Factors Affecting Electric
Atmosphere
10 3
The troposphere indicates the low altitude atmosphere within 10 km from the ground, microwave antennas will not be higher than the troposphere, so the electric wave propagation in aerosphere can be narrowed that in the troposphere. Main effects of the troposphere on electric wave propagation are listed below:
Absorption caused by gas resonance. This type of absorption can affect microwave radiation at 12 GHz or higher. Absorption and scattering caused by rain, fog, and snow. This type of absorption can affect the microwave radiation at 10 GHz or higher. Refraction, absorption, reflection and scattering caused by homogeneity of atmosphere. Refraction is the most significant impact to microwave radiation and propagation
Fading
10 4
4.2 Various FadingTypes in Microwave Propagation
Anti-Fading Technologies 8
Frequency Diversity
10 5
f1
f2
Signals at different frequencies have different fading characteristics Accordingly, two or more microwave frequencies with certain frequency spacing to transmit and receive the same information is then selected or composed to reduce the influence of fading. This work mode is called frequency diversity.
Advantage Disadvantage The effect is obvious. Only one antenna is required. The utilization ratio of frequency bands is low
Apart from the anti-fading technologies introduced previously, a frequently used tips: Make use of some terrain and ground objects to block reflected waves
Anti-Fading Technologies - 9
Space Diversity
10 6
Signals have different multipath effect over different paths and thus have different fading characteristics. Accordingly, two or more suites of antennas a to different altitude levels to receive the signals at the same frequency which are composed or selected. This work mode is called space diversity. If there are in pairs of antennas, it is called n-fold diversity.
Advantage The frequency resources are saved. Disadvantage The equipment is complicated, as two or more suites of antennas are required.
Antenna distance, the distance between the diversity antennas is 100 to 200 times the wavelength in frequently used frequency bands Apart from the anti-fading technologies introduced previously, a frequently used tips:
high and low antennas
Anti-Fading Technologies
Questions
10 7
What factors can affect the microwave propagation? What types of fading exists in the microwave propagation? What are the two categories is the anti-fading technology? What protection modes are available for the microwave?
Propagation and Anti-Fading Technologies
Summary
10 8
Importance parameters affecting microwave propagation. Various factors affecting microwave propagation. Various fading types in the microwave propagation (free space propagation fading, atmospheric absorption fading, rain or fog scattering fading, K type fading, multipath fading, duct type fading, and scintillation type fading). Anti-fading technologies. Anti-fading measures adopted on the equipment: adaptive equalization, and ATPC. Anti-fading measures adopted in the system.
Questions
10 9
What networking modes are frequently used for digital microwave? What are the types of digital microwave stations? What are the types of relay stations? What is the major application of digital microwave?
Module 4
11 0
Contents
11 1

4.1 Factors Affecting Electric Wave Propagation 4.2 Various Fading in Microwave Propagation 4.3 Anti-fading Technologies for Digital Microwave
Contents
11 2
4.1 Factors Affecting Electric Wave Propagation
Fresnel Zone - 1 Fresnel Zone - Fresnel Zone Radius The elliptical region encircled by the trail of P is called Fresnel zone
11 3
Fresnel zone radius: Vertical distance from P to the TR line is the first Fresnel zone radius represented by Fn (n=1).
Fresnel Zone - 2
11 4
Total Distance Fresnel Zone Antenna Height Earth Curvature Obstructions
Parameters in Microwave Propagation Fresnel Zone - 3
A A
h0 h0 hc h1 hs
11 5
d1 d
d2
Along the microwave propagation trail, obstruction from buildings, trees, and mountain peaks is sometimes inevitable. If the height of the obstacle enters the first Fresnel zone, additional loss might be caused. The received level is decreased and the transmission quality is affected. Clearance is used to avoid the case described previously The vertical distance from the obstacle to AB line segment is called the clearance of the obstacle on the trail. For convenience, the vertical distance hc from the obstacle to the ground surface is used to represent the clearance. In practice, the error is not big because the line segment AB is approximately parallel to the ground surface. If the first Fresnel zone radius of the obstacle is F1, then hc / F1 is the relative clearance
Factors Affecting Electric Wave Propagation
Terrain
11 6
Smooth ground or water surface can reflect part of the signal energy transmitted by the antenna to the receiving antenna and cause interference to the main wave(direct wave). The vector sum of the reflected wave and main wave increases or decreases the composite wave. As a result, the transmission becomes unstable, therefore in microwave link design, avoid reflected waves as much as possible If reflection is inevitable, make use of the terrain ups and downs to block the reflected waves
Fading Fading: Random variation of the received level. The variation is irregular and the reasons for this are various.
11 7
Fading Mechanics
Fading Time
Received Level
Influence of Fading on Signal
P r o p o g a t i o n F a d i n g
F r e e S p a c e
A b s o r p t i o N
R a i n F a d i n g
F a d i n g
S c i n t i l l a t i o n
K T y p e F a d i n g
D u c t T y p e F a d i n g
F a d i n g
F a s t F a d i n g
S l o w F a d i n g
U p F a d i n g
D o w n F a d i n g
F l a t F a d i n g
S e l e c t i v e F r e q u e n c y
F a d i n g
Fading
GTx
Power Level
11 8
d GRx
Antenna
Antenna
f
PTx
PRx
G
D i s t a n c e
Receiver Threshold
Free space loss: A = 92.4 + 20 log d + 20 log f d - diameter If d or f is doubled, the loss will increase by 6 dB f - frequency
P Tx = Transmit power P Rx = Receive power G = Antenna Gain AO = Free Space Loss M = Pading Margin
Absorption Fading
11 9
Molecules of all substances are composed of charged particles. Particles have their own electromagnetic resonant frequencies. When microwave frequencies of substances are close to resonance frequencies - resonance absorption occurs to the microwave.
Statistics shows absorption to microwave frequencies lower than 12GHz is smaller than 0.1 dB/km. Compared with free space loss, the absorption loss can be ignored.
10 db
1 db
.1 db
0.01 db
60 GHz
23 GHz
12 GHz
7.5 GHz
1.0 GHz
Rain Fading
12 0
For frequencies lower than 10 GHz, rain loss can be ignored minimal db may be added to a relay section. For frequencies higher than 10 GHz, repeater spacing is mainly affected by rain loss. For example 13 GHz frequency or higher 100mm/h rainfall will causes a loss of 5 dB/km. Hence for the 13 GHz and 15 GHz frequencies the maximum relay distance is about 10 km. For the 20 GHz frequency and higher the relay distance is limited to one or two kilometers due to rain loss. High microwave radio frequency bands can be used for user-level transmission. The higher the frequency band is, the more severe the rain fading is.
K Type Fading - 1
12 1
Atmosphere refraction As a result of atmosphere refraction, the microwave propagation trail is bent. It is considered that the electromagnetic wave is propagated along a straight line above the earth with an equivalent earth radius of , = KR (R: actual earth radius.) The average measured K value is about 4/3. However, the K value of a specific section is related to the meteorological phenomena of the section. The K value may change within a comparatively large range. This can affect line-of-sight propagation.
Re
Rx
Re Re
K Type Fading - 1
12 2
Atmosphere refraction As a result of atmosphere refraction, the microwave propagation trail is bent. It is considered that the electromagnetic wave is propagated along a straight line above the earth with an equivalent earth radius of , = KR (R: actual earth radius.) The average measured K value is about 4/3. However, the K value of a specific section is related to the meteorological phenomena of the section. The K value may change within a comparatively large range. This can affect line-of-sight propagation.
Re Rx
Re
Re
K Type Fading - 2
Equivalent Earth Radius
12 3
In temperate zones the refraction when the K value is 4/3 is referred as a standard atmosphere, and R e which is 4/3 is the standard.
k=
4 3 1 2 3
Actual Earth Radius (r)
Ground surface
4 Equivalent Earth Radius (r) 2 4
3 3 1 3 2 3
k=
K Type Fading - 2
12 4
k > 1: Positive refraction
k = 1: No refraction
k < 1: Negative refraction
Multipath Fading - 1
12 5
Multipath fading is caused by multipath propagation of refracted waves, reflected waves, scattered waves, and multiple electric waves which are received at the receiving end. The composition of these electric waves will result in severe interference fading.
Down fading - the composite wave level is lower than the free space received level. Up fading - the composite wave level is higher than the free space received level.
Reasons for multipath fading are reflections due to non-uniform atmosphere, water surface and smooth ground surface.
Antenna
Antenna
Non-uniform atmosphere Water surface Smooth ground surface.
Ground Surface
Ground Wave
Multipath Fading - 2
12 6
Multipath fading Type of interference fading caused by multipath transmission. Multipath fading is caused by mutual interference between the direct wave and reflected wave (or diffracted wave on some conditions) with different phases Grows more severe when waves pass over water surfaces or smooth ground surfaces. When designing the route, try to avoid smooth water and ground surface. When these terrains are inevitable use the high and low antenna technologies to bring the reflection point closer to one to reduce the impact of the reflected wave.
Use the high and low antennas and space diversity technologies, or the antennas that pointed away from reflected waves to overcome multipath fading.
Multi Path - Frequency Selective Fading Multipath fading frequency selective fading
12 7
Type of interference fading caused by multipath transmission. Multipath fading is caused by mutual interference between the direct wave and reflected wave (or diffracted wave on some conditions) with different phases
Grows more severe when waves pass over water surfaces or smooth ground surfaces. When designing the route, try to avoid smooth water and ground surface. When these terrains are inevitable use the high and low antenna technologies to bring the reflection point closer to one to reduce the impact of the reflected wave.
Use the high and low antennas and space diversity technologies, or the antennas that pointed away from reflected waves to overcome multipath fading. Selectivity Fading Flat
Normal
Frequency (MHz)
Multi Path - Flat Fading Up Fading
12 8
Received Level in Free Space
Threshold Level (-30 db)
1h Signal Interruption Multi Path - Flat Fading
Duct and Scintillation Fading
12 9
Duct Fading
Due to the effects of meteorological conditions such as
ground cooling in the night, burnt warm by the sun in the morning, smooth sea surface, anticyclone a non-uniform structure is formed in atmosphere.
This phenomenon is called atmospheric ducting. If microwave beams pass through the atmospheric duct while the receiving point is outside the duct layer, the field strength at the receiving point is from not only the direct wave and the reflected ground wave, but also the reflected wave from the edge of the duct layer. As a result, severe interference fading occurs and causes interruption to the communications
Scintillation Fading
Scintillation fading is a type of fast fading which lasts a short time. The level changes little and the main wave is barely affected. Scintillation fading will not cause communications interruption. When the dielectric constant of local atmosphere is different from the ambient atmosphere due to the particle clusters formed under different
pressure, temperature humidity
NOTE
Scattering occurs to the electric wave. This is called scintillation fading. The amplitude and phase of different scattered waves vary with the atmosphere. As a result, the composite field strength at the receiving point changes randomly.
Scintillation and Duct Fading
13 0
Scintillation Fading
Duct Fading
Summary
13 1
The higher the frequency is and the longer the hop distance is, the more severe the fading is.
Fading is more severe at night than in the day, in summer than in winter. In the day, sunshine is good for air convection. In summer weather changes frequently. In sunny days without wind, atmosphere is non-uniform and atmosphere subdivision easily forms and hardly clears. Multipath transmission often occurs in such conditions.
Fading is more severe along water routes than land routes, caused by the reflection coefficient of water surface and the atmospheric refraction coefficient above water surface. Fading is more severe along a plain (flat land) route than a mountain route, the atmosphere subdivision often occurs over the plain and the ground reflection factor of the plain is bigger. Weather - rain and fog influences microwave frequencies.
Anti-Fading Technologies
13 2
4.3 Anti-fading Technologies for Digital Microwave
13 3
Category Adaptive Equalization Equipment level countermeasures Automatic transmit power control (ATPC) Forward error correction(FEC) System level countermeasure Diversity receiving technology
Effect Waveform Distortion Power reduction Power reduction Power reduction and waveform distortion
13 4
Frequency domain equalization
Signal Frequency Spectrum
Multipath Fading
Slope Equalization
Frequency Spectrum After Equalization
The frequency domain equalization only equalizes the amplitude frequency response characteristics of the signal not the phase frequency spectrum characteristics.
Anti-Fading Technologies 3 Frequency domain equalization Time domain equalization directly counteracts the inter-symbol interference
Cn
13 5
Co
After
Before
Ts -2Ts -Ts -2Ts
Ts
-Ts
Anti-Fading Technologies - 4
13 6
Automatic transmit power control (ATPC) under normal propagation conditions, the output power of the transmitter is always at a lower level, (for example 10 dB to 15 dB lower than the normal level. When propagation fading occurs and the receiver detects the propagation fading is lower than the minimum received level specified by ATPC, the RFCOH is used allow the transmitter to raise the transmit power Working principle of ATPC
Transmitter
Modulator
Receiver Receiver
Demodulator Demodulator
ATPC ATPC
ATPC ATPC
Demodulator
Receiver
Modulator
Transmitter
Modulator
13 7
ATPC The output power of the transmitter automatically traces and changes with the received level of the receiver within the control range of ATPC
The time rate of severe propagation fading is usually small (<1%), after ATPC is configured the transmitter works at a power 10dB to 15 dB lower than the nominal power for over 99% of the time. In this way, adjacent channel interference and power consumption can be reduced. Effects of ATPC
Reduces the interference to adjacent systems and over-reach interference Reduces DC power consumption
Reduces up fading Improves the residual BER
Anti-Fading Technologies 6 ATPC adjustment process (gradual change)
13 8
-25 db
High Level
-35 db
Low Level
-45 db
-55 db
ATPC dynamic range
-72 db
45
55
65
72
Link Loss (db)
Diversity
13 9
For diversity, two or multiple transmission paths are used to transmit the same information and the receiver output signals are selected or composed, to reduce the effect of fading. Diversity has the following types, space diversity, frequency diversity, polarization diversity, and angle diversity. Space diversity and frequency diversity are more frequently used. Space diversity is economical and has a good effect. Frequency diversity is often applied to multi-channel systems as it requires a wide bandwidth. Usually, the system that has one standby channel is configured with frequency diversity
f1
f2 f1
H
f2
Space Diversity (SD)
Frequency Diversity (FD)
Microwave Propagation and Anti-Fading Technologies
14 0
4.3 Anti-fading Technologies for Digital Microwave
Digital Microwave
Equipment Protection 1
14 1
Digital Microwave Radio

1+1 Hot Stand By configuration Space Diversity technologies - the configuration of two antennas,
Adopted which improving system availability.
Digital Microwave
Equipment Protection Modes 2 N+1 (N3, 7, 11) Protection
14 2
In the following figure, Mn stands for the active channel and P stands for the standby channel. The active channel and the standby channel have their independent modulation/demodulation unit and signal transmitting/receiving unit.
When the fault or fading occurs in the active channel, the signal is switched to the standby channel. The channel backup is an inter-frequency backup. This protection mode (FD) is mainly used in the all indoor microwave equipment.
Products of different vendors support different specifications
Ch1 Ch2 Ch3 Cp Switching Control Unit Switching Control Switching Control Unit Unit
Ch1 Ch2 Ch3 Cp
RFSOH
Digital Microwave
Equipment Protection Modes 3 Configuration Protection Mode Remarks Application
14 3
1+0
NP
Non-Protection
Terminal of the Network
1+1
FD
Channel Protection
InterFrequency
1+1
SD
Equipment and Channel Protection
InterFrequency
Select the proper Mode depending on the Geographical Conditions and Requirements of the Customer
1+1
FD + SD
InterFrequency
M+n
FD
InterFrequency
Large Capacity Backbone
Propagation and Anti-Fading Technologies
Summary
14 4
Importance parameters affecting microwave propagation. Various factors affecting microwave propagation. Various fading types in the microwave propagation (free space propagation fading, atmospheric absorption fading, rain or fog scattering fading, K type fading, multipath fading, duct type fading, and scintillation type fading). Anti-fading technologies. Anti-fading measures adopted on the equipment: adaptive equalization, and ATPC. Anti-fading measures adopted in the system.

2013 August 7 Microwave Radio Principles

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

2013 August 7 Microwave Radio Principles

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

41st Signal Battalion Maintenance Support Team

After this course, you will be able to explain:

Digital Microwave Communication Overview

Strong protection ability against natural disaster and easy to be recover

license not required

Mega Bits per Channel

PDH digital microwave communication system

Mega Bits per Channel

Small and medium capacity digital microwave communication system

Late 1990s to now 1980s

480 voice channels

Analog microwave communication system

Mbits/Channel Mbits/Channel MBits/Channel

Regional Network Local Network Boundary Network

Long Haul Trunk Network

Microwave Radio Wave Length in Meters

(as defined by International Telecommunications Union radio spectrum (ITU-R) recommendations).

High Frequency Band

Frequency Range 7425 MHz 7725 MHz Fc (7575 MHz)

T/R Spacing 154 Mbits

f1 = 7596 MHz Channel Spacing MHz

Primary and Non-Primary Stations fn = fc 161 + 28n fn = fc 7 + 28n (n:1-5)

Commonly used capacity configurations

Service Signal Transmitted

Digital Base band

Intermediate Frequency Signal

Phase Shift Voltage Digital 0

Phase Shift Modulation

Un-Modulated (reference) Modulated ( Phase Shifted) Voltage Digital 0

Phase Shift Amplitude Modulation

QAM -128 64 bits per Quaadrant

QAM 64 16 bits per Quadrant

QAM-16 4 bit per quadrant

Amplitude Modulation Phase Shift Modulation

Un-Modulated (reference) Modulated ( Phase Shifted)

12 bits (1st Word)

12 bits (148th Word)

Digital Microwave Communication Equipment

Small and Medium Capacity Capacity

Split Mount Radio

All Outdoor Radio

- 8 feet - 10 fee - 12 feet

Main lobe Main lobe

AGC Voltage detection point

Main lobe position

Antenna Coupling Unit (ACU)

Modulator Demodulator MUX DEMUX

SDH MICROWAVE RADIO

(OC3)optical interface Multi-Mode

signal processing unit (SPU) - known as baseband module

Megastar 155 Microwave Radio Manufactured by Harris Corp

Is a compact, single platform.

Can be upgraded from 1 to 7 high capacity channels (155 MBit/s each).

Offers self-aligning operation

1B. Antenna Coupling Unit (ACU) 2

2A. Radio Frequency Unit RFU) 1

Radio Frequency Unit (rfu) 2

3B. Signal Processor (SPU) 2

3A. Signal Processor (SPU) 1

Single Side Band Carrier (IF) frequency

Double Side Band Carrier (IF) frequency

Frequency domain representation of input

Frequency domain representation of output

Single Power Amplifier Configuration