INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR

Theres beauty in individual differences

Foundations of individual behavior

Personal factors
Individual behavior
Organizational systems and resources

Psychological factors

Environmental factors

Personal factors
Age Education Abilities Marital status Number of dependents Creativity Emotional intelligence

Organizational systems resources

Physical facilities Organization structure and design Leadership Reward system Work related behavior

Psychological factors
Personality Perception Attitudes Values learning

Environmental factors
Economic Social norms and cultures Ethics and social responsibility Political scenario

Personality
Definition The dynamic organization within an individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his/her unique adjustments to the environment. - Gordon Allport Personality is a pattern of stable states and characteristics of a person that influences his or her behavior toward goal achievement. Each person has unique ways of protecting these states. - Gluck

Determinants of personality
Biological factors - Heredity - Brain - Biofeedback - Physical features Cultural factors Family factors Social factors Situational factors

Understanding personality
Personality is the particular combination of emotional, attitudinal, and behavioral response patterns of an individual.

Theories of personality
Psychoanalytic Theories Type theories Trait theories of personality Social learning theories Humanistic theories

Theories of personality
Intrapsychic theory - 1 Contribution of Sigmund Freud The components ID EGO SUPER EGO

The psyche model

Freudian personality types

Erotic heightening the pleasures of the senses Obsessive thoughts that produce uneasiness Narcissistic personality trait of vanity Detached - being isolated

Evaluation of psychoanalytic theory

Contributions for OB Creative behavior Dissatisfaction Group development Leadership and influence

Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development

Hope: Trust vs. Mistrust (Infants, Birth to 12-18 Months) Will: Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt (Toddlers, 18 mo. to 3 years) Purpose: Initiative vs. Guilt (Preschool, 3 to 6 years) Competence: Industry vs. Inferiority (Childhood, 6 to 12 years) Fidelity: Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence, 12 to 18 years) Love: Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adults, 19 to 40 years) Care: Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle Adulthood, 40 to 65 years

Freudian stages
The oral stage The anal stage The phallic stage The latency period The genital stage

Theories of personality
Defence Mechanisms Repression Projection Denial Rationalization Regression Reaction formation Displacement Sublimation

denial

Theories of personality Type theories

2. Type theories - Sheldons Physiognomy theory Endomorph Mesomorph Ectomorph - Carl Jung's ExtrovertIntrovert theory EXTROVERT INTROVERT
THINKING FEELING SENSATION INTUITION

Thinking
Thinking Characteristics Logical
Objective Decides with head Wants truth Rational Impersonal Critical Thick-skinned Firm with people Driven by thought

Feeling
Feeling Characteristics Decides with heart
Dislikes conflict Passionate Driven by emotion Gentle Easily hurt Empathetic Caring of others Warm

Thinking
Thinking Personality Types - Overseer (extroverted, sensing, thinking,
judging) - Persuader(e,s,t,Persuading) - Chief (e,intuition,t,Judging) - Originator (EInTP) - Examiner (ISTJ) - Craftsman(ISTP) - Strategist (I,In,TJ) - Engineer(I,In,T,P)

Feeling
Feeling Personality Types
Supporter - Entertainer - Mentor - Advocate - Defender - Artist - Confidant - Dreamer

Theories of personality
Jungian MBTI framework (Myers- Briggs type indicator) Extrovert Introvert Collecting Information (sensing,intuiting) Decision making (thinking, feeling) Understanding the world (judging, perceiving)

Jungian MBTI framework

assessment is a psychometric questionnaire designed to measure psychological preferences in how people perceive the world and make decisions. Jung proposed the existence of two dichotomous pairs of cognitive functions: The "rational" (judging) functions: thinking and feeling The "irrational" (perceiving) functions: sensing and intuition

Jungian MBTI framework

Dichotomies Extraversion (E) (I) Introversion Sensing (S) (N) Intuition Thinking (T) (F) Feeling Judging (J) (P) Perception

Attitudes MBTI(E/I)
Extraverts are action oriented, while introverts are thought oriented. Extraverts seek breadth of knowledge and influence, while introverts seek depth of knowledge and influence. Extraverts often prefer more frequent interaction, while introverts prefer more substantial interaction. Extraverts recharge and get their energy from spending time with people, while introverts recharge and get their energy from spending time alone.

Functions: sensing/intuition (S/N) and thinking/feeling (T/F)

The two perceiving functions, sensing and intuition The two judging functions, thinking and feeling Sensing and intuition are the information-gathering (perceiving) functions. They describe how new information is understood and interpreted. Thinking and feeling are the decision-making (judging) functions. The thinking and feeling functions are both used to make rational decisions, based on the data received from their informationgathering.

Dominant function
This dominant function is supported by the secondary (auxiliary) function, and to a lesser degree the tertiary function. The fourth and least conscious function is always the opposite of the dominant function. Myers called this inferior function the shadow

Lifestyle: judging/perception (J/P)

Myers and Briggs added another dimension to Jung's typological model by identifying that people also have a preference for using either the judging function (thinking or feeling) or their perceiving function (sensing or intuition) when relating to the outside world (extraversion). Myers and Briggs held that types with a preference for judging show the world their preferred judging function (thinking or feeling). So TJ types tend to appear to the world as logical, and FJ types as empathetic. According to Myers judging types like to "have matters settled".

Trait theories 3
Gordon Allports personality traits -Common trait -Individual trait

Theories of personality
Raymond cattells 16 personality factors -Surface traits -Source traits Warmth, reasoning, emotional stability, Dominance, liveliness, rule consciousness, social boldness, sensitivity, vigilance, abstractedness, privateness, apprehension,openness to change, self-reliance, perfectionism, tension

The Unconscious & Assessment

How can we assess personality?

Objective Tests? No - tap the conscious

Projective Tests? Yes - tap the unconscious

Thematic Apperceptions Test (TAT) Rorschach Inkblot Test

Trait Perspective
No hidden personality dynamics just basic personality dimensions

Traits - peoples characteristic behaviors & conscious motives

How do we describe & classify different personalities? (Type A vs Type B)

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator - classify people based upon responses to 126 questions

Are There Basic Traits?

What trait dimensions describe personality?

Combination of 2 or 3 genetically determined dimensions

Expanded set of factors The Big 5

Extraversion/Introversion Emotional Stability/Instability

The Big Five

Emotional Stability

Calm/Anxious Secure/Insecure Sociable/Retiring Fun Loving/Sober

Extraversion

Openness

Imaginative/Practical Independent/Conforming
Soft-Hearted/Ruthless Trusting/Suspicious Organized/Disorganized Careful/Careless

Agreeableness

Conscientiousness

Authoritarianism
Machiavellianism Locus of control Self-monitoring Problem solving style

Theories of personality
Self theory 4
Conditions of worth, positive regard, conditional postive regard Unconditional positive regard incongruity Social learning Theory 5 -attentional processes - Retention process - Motor reproduction processes - Reinforcement process (Direct, vicarious, self administered)

Transactional Analysis Eric Berne

1 structural analysis (parent, Adult and child) 2 Interaction analysis (complementary transaction, cross transaction, proper transaction, ulterior transaction) 3 Life position analysis

General transactional styles (LPA)

Youre not OK

I am not OK
Avoidant/ Averse (FP)

I am ok

Bossing ()

Diffident(DP)
Youre OK

competent/confi dent/ creative ()

Transactional Analysis
4 Game analysis 5 script analysis (Payoff,Injunctions,counterscript, pattern)

Holland Personality Job fit theory

Realistic mechanics , operators, assembly line workers Investigative = biologists, economists Social teachers social workers etc Conventional -accountants, bank managers. Enterprising lawyers, entrepreneurs Artistic painters, musicians.

Joseph Luft and Harry Ingham JOHARI WINDOW

Known to self not known to self
Known to others

Arena

Blind Spot

Not known to others

closed

Dark

Personal effectiveness
Openness Self- disclosure Receiving feedback (Defensive and confronting behaviours)

What we think about our situation affects our behavior

Interaction of Environment & Intellect

Characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting.

Personality