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G VIGNESH
ABSTRACT
Energy conservation means more efficient use of
energy without reducing production levels and without sacrificing product quality, safety or environmental standards. of motors by reducing the amount of energy they consume
INTRODUCTION
Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) A VFD can be used to control both the speed and torque of a standard induction AC electric motor. It varies both the frequency and amps of the AC waveform being delivered to the motor saving money in electricity. Basic components of a VFD:
Input section, draws AC electric power from the utility, Rectifier section, converts the AC into DC power. Inverter section, converts DC back into a controllable AC waveform.
OPERATING PRINCIPLE
The synchronous speed of AC motor is determined by the frequency of the AC supply and number of poles in the stator winding according to the relation: n = (120 x f)/p where
n=revolutions per minute(rpm) f=AC power frequency(Hz) p=Number of poles per phase
VFD Fundamentals
A variable frequency drive converts incoming 50 Hz utility power into DC, then converts to a simulated variable voltage, variable frequency output
AC DC AC
50 Hz Power
50 Hz
Zero - 100 Hz
ABB
VFD
To Motor Zero - 100 Hz
Electrical Energy
VFD
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
CLASSIFICATION
Constant voltage converter: Intermediate DC link voltage remains
rectifier and the output bridge, so the current delivered is nearly constant.
Cycloconverter: No input rectifier or DC link and instead connects
MODE OF CONTROL
The most common type of packaged VF drive is the
constant-voltage type.
Uses pulse width modulation to control both the
Positive DC Bus
Negative DC Bus
INVERTER
RECTIFIER
Positive DC Bus
Negative DC Bus
INVERTER
RECTIFIER
Positive DC Bus
Negative DC Bus
INVERTER
RECTIFIER
Positive DC Bus
Negative DC Bus
INVERTER
RECTIFIER
Positive DC Bus
Negative DC Bus
INVERTER
RECTIFIER
Positive DC Bus
Negative DC Bus
INVERTER
RECTIFIER
Positive DC Bus
Negative DC Bus
INVERTER
RECTIFIER
Positive DC Bus
Negative DC Bus
INVERTER
RECTIFIER
Positive DC Bus
Negative DC Bus
INVERTER
RECTIFIER
Positive DC Bus
Negative DC Bus
INVERTER
RECTIFIER
Positive DC Bus
Negative DC Bus
INVERTER
RECTIFIER
Positive DC Bus
Negative DC Bus
INVERTER
RECTIFIER
Positive DC Bus
Negative DC Bus
INVERTER
RECTIFIER
Positive DC Bus
Negative DC Bus
INVERTER
RECTIFIER
Positive DC Bus
Negative DC Bus
INVERTER
RECTIFIER
Positive DC Bus
Negative DC Bus
INVERTER
RECTIFIER
Positive DC Bus
Negative DC Bus
INVERTER
RECTIFIER
Positive DC Bus
Negative DC Bus
INVERTER
RECTIFIER
Positive DC Bus
Negative DC Bus
INVERTER
RECTIFIER
Positive DC Bus
Negative DC Bus
INVERTER
RECTIFIER
Positive DC Bus
Negative DC Bus
INVERTER
RECTIFIER
Positive DC Bus
Negative DC Bus
INVERTER
RECTIFIER
Positive DC Bus
Negative DC Bus
INVERTER
RECTIFIER
Positive DC Bus
Negative DC Bus
INVERTER
RECTIFIER
Area Under The Square-Wave Pulses Approximates The Area Under A Sine Wave
Positive DC Bus
Negative DC Bus
INVERTER
RECTIFIER
Frequency
Voltage
RECTIFIER
Positive DC Bus
INVERTER
Negative DC Bus
Motor
RECTIFIER
Positive DC Bus
INVERTER
Negative DC Bus
Motor
RECTIFIER
Positive DC Bus
INVERTER
Negative DC Bus
Motor
RECTIFIER
Positive DC Bus
INVERTER
Negative DC Bus
Motor
RECTIFIER
Positive DC Bus
INVERTER
Negative DC Bus
Motor
RECTIFIER
Positive DC Bus
INVERTER
Negative DC Bus
Motor
RECTIFIER
Positive DC Bus
INVERTER
Negative DC Bus
Motor
VFD CONTROLLER
They are solid state electronic power conversion devices. First converts AC input power to DC intermediate power using a rectifier or converter bridge. Rectifier: usually 3-phase, full wave diode bridge. DC intermediate power is then converted to quasisinusoidal AC power using an inverter switching circuit.
section of the VFD - changes DC energy into three channels of AC energy that can be used by an AC motor.
generating variable width pulses to represent the amplitude of an input analog signal or wave. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) techniques is commonly used in a variable frequency drive scheme to control the rotational speed of an induction motor. The basic PWM control principle is the Volt/Hertz ratio which reflects the inductance properties of the motor windings.
voltage supply, it draws several times (up to about 6 times) its rated current.
As the load accelerates, the available torque usually
drops a little and then rises to a peak while the current remains very high until the motor approaches full speed.
When a VFD starts a motor, it initially applies a low
inrush current that occurs when a motor is started by simply applying the utility (mains) voltage by turning on a switch.
After the start of the VFD, the applied frequency and
voltage are increased at a controlled rate or ramped up to accelerate the load without drawing excessive current.
torque while the VFD is drawing less than 50% of its rated current from the mains in the low speed range.
A VFD can be adjusted to produce a steady 150%
ADVANTAGES
Improved system efficiency (Example, Cooling Tower). Reduced audible noise. Reduced wear on motors, belts, and other components, fewer revolutions per year. Greatly reduce maintenance cost of mechanical flow controls.