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E. Hansen Teacher-Librarian
Do you know???
What is Plagiarism? What is an in-text Citation? What is a reference list? What does paraphrasing mean?
Getting Started
What is Plagiarism?
Plagiarism means using anothers work without giving them credit and saying that it is your own
From: Mirka, 2004, The Plagiarism Trap. Powerpoint Presentation
Examples of Plagiarism
Copying and pasting text from online encyclopedias Copying and pasting text from any web site Using photographs, video or audio without permission or acknowledgement Using another students or your parents work and claiming it as your own even with permission Using your own work without properly citing it!
Getting Started
What is a reference list?
A reference list at the end of a paper provides the full information necessary to identify and retrieve each source. It cites works that specifically support a particular article. References should be alphabetically listed by authors last name at the end of the paper or presentation.
A bibliography?
A bibliography cites works for background or for further reading.
Getting Started
What is a Citation?
References and citations in text are the formal methods of acknowledging the use of a creators work.
An In-Text Citation?
Direct citations and quotations are acknowledged in the body of a research assignment. (Right in the sentence or paragraph)
In post-secondary?
In society?
http://gladstone.vsb.bc.ca/library/cheating/
http://www.fborfw.com/strip_fix/archives/000809.php
http://www.fborfw.com/strip_fix/archives/000810.php
http://www.fborfw.com/strip_fix/archives/000811.php
http://www.fborfw.com/strip_fix/archives/000812.php
Special Consideration:
The INTERNET
Special recognition needs to be given to the Internet as a source of information. Due to the transient nature of information on the Internet, a copy (either paper or disk) should be retained. WHY??? Internet sites must be examined very carefully for reliability, as all sources are not authoritative or trustworthy.
Lack of author or publisher often indicates that the information should be treated with caution. The work of other students (e.g. home pages) may be consulted but should never be a sole source of information.
CITATIONS IN TEXT
Definition
Citations in text identify the source of quotations or a personal communication used in research. The citation provides the authors last name, publication date and page number. 1 2 3 Purpose
Format
1. Citations are included in the same sentence or paragraph as the quotation.
2. The sentence and the citation together must provide the authors last name, the publication date and the page(s) from which the quotation was taken (see quotation example #1 later). 3. For poetry, include line numbers and use a slash / to indicate the end of a line.
4. Quotations of more than 40 words are indented five spaces from the left margin and are doublespaced in a free-standing block (example later) They are also known as a Block Quotation
Punctuation
1. Quotation marks enclose quotations of less than 40 words and are included in the text.
2. A colon : follows the statement immediately preceding a long quotation (block quotation).
3. Brackets ( ) enclose information about the source of the quotation (this is the citation).
Quotation Examples
1. Quotation of less than 40 words: He confirms our suspicions: Because NGen children are born with technology, they assimilate it. Adults must accommodate a different and much more difficult learning process_ (Tapscott, 1998, p. 40).
(no punctuation at end of quotation) (punctuation is here)
Quotation Examples
2. Quotations of more than forty words (Block Quotation):
The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (1994) explains how to avoid plagiarism: Quotation marks should be used to indicate the exact words of
quotation)
Or, if you are double-spacing your paper, SINGLE SPACE the block quotation
Quotation marks should be used to indicate the exact words of another. Summarizing a passage or rearranging the order of a sentence and changing some of the words is paraphrasing. Each time a source is paraphrased, a credit for the source needs to be included in the text. (p. 292)
Citation Example 1
He states, anything takes on a new meaning when we think of it as a monument (Boorstin, 1987, p. 215) and adds that monuments can be both man-made and natural.
**Note punctuation
Citation Example 2
Johnston and Cutchins (1988) state that life is hard for animal babies of all kinds, but for young reptiles, surviving their first year is especially difficult (p. 36).
To put two authors in the brackets, you must use the ampersand & symbol. (Johnston & Cutchins, 1988, p. 36)
For more than 3 authors, you may use the Latin phrase et al which means and the rest (Abrams, et al, 1999, p. 345)
Personal Communications
Personal communications include e-mail letters, telephone conversations, interviews, etc.
They are mentioned in the body of a paper only, as they are not locatable.
They are cited (see below for format), but NEVER included in your reference list, because a reader cannot refer to or locate them later.
e.g. Author Martine Bates (personal communication, January 25, 2000) is excited about Marwens latest adventures and hopes her readers are too.
Why use the American Psychological Association (APA) format regarding references? It is the most widely recognized and authoritative source for references and citations in research work. This format is used in local universities. APA Website
University of Calgary
Citation Machine
References:
*give the full information on how to access your sources. * go at the back of your document on a SEPARATE piece of paper. * The word References is bolded and centered at the top of the page.
References - Examples
References - Examples
References - Examples
References - Examples
References - Examples
References - Examples
No Author
References
APA Style.Org (2005). Electronic references: Citations in text of electronic material. Retrieved February 7, 2005 from the Internet: http://www.apastyle.org/electext.html Calgary Board of Education. (2000). References and citations in text: Formats for student research. Retrieved February 7, 2005, from the Internet: http://www.cbe.ab.ca/sss/ssspdf/refcitations-05-00.pdf
Bibliography