System of Limits, Fits and tolerancing

Tolerance
Tolerance is defined as the amount by which

the job is allowed to go away from accuracy and perfectness without causing any functionable trouble, when assembled with its mating parts and put it into actual service. Primary purpose of tolerances is to permit variation in dimensions without degradation of the performance beyond the limits established by the specification of the design. Tolerance may be unilateral or bilateral.

Why Tolerance is specified

The tolerance is specified because it is impossible to have actual dimensions due to: Variations in the properties of the material being machined, introduce errors. The production machines have some inherence problems and limitations. Human effect, operator may do imperfect settings.

 Limits: These are the maximum and minimum

permissible size of the part. Go Limit: It refers to upper limit of the shaft and upper limit of a hole. Corresponds to minimum material condition. No Go Limit: It refers to the lower limit of the shaft and upper limit of the hole. Corresponds to min. material condition.

 Upper deviation: Maximum limit of size

basic size. It is positive when maximum limit of size > basic size and vice versa. Lower deviation: Minimum limit size basic size positive when minimum limit of Size > basic size and vice versa Fundamental deviation: this is the deviation either the upper or the lower deviation, which the nearest one to the zero line

Fits
Fits: When two parts are to assemble, the

relation resulting from the difference between the size before assembling is called fit. Basic size of a fit: It is that basic size which is common to the two parts of a fit. Clearance: This is the difference between the size of the hole and shaft, before assembly, when the difference is positive (i.e. shaft smaller than the hole). Interference: This is the arithmetic difference between the sizes of the hole and the shaft before assembly, when the difference is negative.

Type of fit:
Depending upon the actual limits of the hole or

shaft, fits may be classified into the following 3 categories Clearance fit Interference fit Transition fit

 Clearance fit: In this type of fit, the largest permitted

shaft diameter is smaller than the diameter of the smallest hole, so that the shaft can rotate or slide through the difference degrees according to purpose of mating members Ex.Bearing and shaft. Interference fit: In this type of fit, the minimum permitted diameter of the shaft is larger than the maximum allowable diameter of the hole. In this case the shaft and the hole members are intended to be attached permanent and used as a solid component but according to the application of this combination, this type of fit can be varied. Ex. Bearing bushes, which are in interference fit in their housing. Transition fit: In this type of fit, the diameter of the largest allowable hole is greater than that of the smallest shaft, but the smallest hole is smaller than the largest shaft, so that small positive or negative clearance

Allowance
It

is the prescribed difference between the dimensions of two mating parts for any type of fit. It is intentional difference between the lower limit of hole and higher limit of shaft. Allowance may ne negative or positive. Positive allowance is called clearance and the negative allowance is called interference.