Dr.

Izharul Haq Farooqi

Associate Professor Department of Civil Engineering A.M.U., Aligarh

The goals of Sustainable Energy for All

1. Achievement of the universal access to modern energy services. 2. Doubling of the rate of energy efficiency. 3. Doubling of the rate of renewables use in world energy indicator

Energy use grows with economic development

energy demand and GDP per capita (1980-2002)
400 350
US

Primary Energy per capita (GJ)

300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0

China India Malaysia Mexico Brazil

Australia

France Russia S. Korea Greece UK Japan Ireland

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

Steven Koonin
Source: UN and DOE EIA

GDP per capita (PPP, $1995)

energy demand growth projections

Global energy demand is set to grow by over 60% over the next 30 years 74% of the growth is anticipated to be from non-OECD countries
Global Energy Demand Growth by Region (1971-2030)
18,000 16,000

Energy Demand (Mtoe)

14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 1971 2002 2010 2020 2030

OECD

Transition Economies

Developing Countries
Source: IEA World Energy Outlook 2004

Notes: 1. OECD refers to North America, W. Europe, Japan, Korea, Australia and NZ 2. Transition Economies refers to FSU and Eastern European nations 3. Developing Countries is all other nations including China, India etc.

The Oil Problem

Nations that HAVE oil (% of Global Reserves) Nations that NEED oil (% of Global Consumption)

Saudi Arabia Iraq Kuwait Iran UAE Venezuela Russia Mexico Libya China Nigeria U.S.

26% 11% 10% 9% 8% 6% 5% 3% 3% 3% 2% 2%

U.S. Japan China Germany Russia S. Korea France Italy Mexico Brazil Canada India

26% 7% 6% 4% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3%

Source: EIA International Energy Annual

Are we running out of oil?

We are certainly running out of cheap oil.
Productivity of easily accessible oil reserves are is waning. Hence the assessment that the peak in supply has already occurred. If worldwide demand for oil continues to grow, the price of oil will continue to increase. As the price increases, large more expensive and energy intensive unconventional reserves become economically viable if consumers are willing to pay that price. Even so, this simply postpones the inevitable depletion of oil resources, and exacerbates greenhouse emissions.

What About Ethanol?

Ethanol takes more energy to make it than it delivers Ethanol has lower energy content than gasoline so it is a poor

fuel choice - 77,000 vs 116,300 btu/gal Ethanol costs much more per mile than gasoline Engines require redesign/modification to burn ethanol Ethanol production and distribution cannot be increased rapidly Most ethanol currently being produced is from corn which is unsustainable without seriously degrading the food supply. Diversion of food crops to bio-fuel already is the primary cause of increased food shortages and dramatically higher food prices Growing bio-fuel feedstock depletes nations fertile soils.

Projected World Energy Supplies

1993 100
100 BILLION BARRELS

Hydroelectric

New Technologies

Solar , Wind Geothermal

80 Billion Barrels of Oil Equivalent 60 per Year (GBOE) 40

World Energy Demand

Coal Natural Gas Nuclear Electric

Decreasing Fossil Fuels

20

Crude Oil

1900

1920

1940

1960

1980

2000

2020

2040

2060

2080

3000

after Edwards, AAPG 8/97

Tapping the Energy Potential of Municipal Waste Water Treatment

Anaerobic Digestion and Combined Heat and Power at

WWTPs Wastewater contains 10 times more energy than is needed to treat it, according to the Water Environment Research Foundation Food waste produces 3 x more methane than WW solids Organic Waste is an abundant and underutilized energy source

Introduction

Anaerobic Digestion
Anaerobic digestion (AD) Organic Matter + H2O + Bacteria
CH4 + CO2 + NH3 + H2S Traditionally

Single substrate and single purpose Manure digested to produce energy Sewage sludge should be stabilized

Recently Co-digestion of two or more substrate and multi-purpose

Co-digestion
Source of organic waste streams can be co-digested with manure
Food Industry Waste from potato, sugar beet, meat, and dairy processing Grain Industry Damaged grain Paper Industry Newspaper and recycled paper Domestic Wastes
Livestock Wastes Crop Residues Corn stover and switchgrass

Solid Waste Management and Disposal