ASPECTOS BASICOS DEL SISTEMA INMUNE

Dr Heraldo Povea Pacci

MD (Chile) MSc (Gran Bretaa) Fellow (EEUU) PhD (Australia) Miembro Comit Inmunizaciones Ministerio Salud Chile Profesor Asociado . Universidad Diego Portales Chile Especialista en Inmunologia y Salud Sexual Consultor en Educacion Superior

Plan de la presentacion
Nomenclatura Componentes del sistema de defensas Las respuestas defensivas Control del sistema Alteraciones del sistema

Definitions
Immune system = cells, tissues, and molecules that mediate resistance to infections Immunology = study of structure and function of the immune system Immunity = resistance of a host to pathogens and their toxic effects Immune response = collective and coordinated response to the introduction of foreign substances in an individual mediated by the cells and molecules of the immune system

Role of the immune system

Defense against microbes Defense against the growth of tumor cells
kills the growth of tumor cells

Homeostasis
destruction of abnormal or dead cells (e.g. dead red or white blood cells, antigenantibody complex) Other unknown functions?

ORGANOS DEL SISTEMA INMUNE

ORGANOS CENTRALES Mdula sea Timo ORGANOS PERIFRICOS Adenoides Amgdalas Ganglios linfticos Bazo Apndice Placas de Peyer

BALT (Tejido linftico asociado a bronquios)

GALT (Tejido linftico asociado a intestino) SALT (Tejido linftico asociado a la piel)

CLULAS DEL SISTEMA INMUNE

Clula tronco pluripotencial de la mdula sea Progenitor linfoide FUNCIONES Respuesta inmune humoral

Progenitor B
Clula pre-B

Clula NK

Progenitor T
Pre-Timocito Timocito inmaduro Timocito maduro Linfocito T Linfocitos Th y Tc Linfoquinas

Memoria

Clula B inmadura Clula B madura Linfocito B Clula Plasmtica Inmunoglobulinas

IgM
IgG IgA IgE IgD

Th1
IL-2 IL-3

Th2
IL-4

Respuesta inmune celular Hipersensibilidad retardada Citotoxicidad Memoria prolongada

INF-g GM-CSF IL-13 TGF-b IL-5 IL-9

Inmunidad anti-tumoral y anti-viral

Citotoxicidad NK

LINFOCITOS T
Representan el 60-70% de los linfocitos perifricos.

Ubicados en regiones paracorticales de ganglios linfticos y manguitos periarteriolares del bazo.

Genticamente programados para reconocer un antgeno especfico por medio de su receptor especfico (TCR).

LINFOCITOS T
Marcadores comunes: CD2, CD7, CD3, CD28 CD4+: linfocitos T cooperadores/inductores CD8+: linfocitos T citotxicos/supresores CD4 y CD8 son mutuamente excluyentes Relacin CD4 : CD8 = 2 : 1

LINFOCITOS T
Molculas de Superficie de las Th y Tc
Linfocito T

ICAM-1 y LFA-1 son molculas de adhesin celular

T Cell Selection in the Thymus

Chapter 21, Immune System

10 Figure 21.7

LINFOCITOS T
Complejo Receptor de las Clulas T (TCR)
Sitio de unin del antgeno

CD3 cadenas theta

TCR alfa - beta

CD3 cadenas gamma, delta y epsilon

LINFOCITOS B
Representan el 10- 20% de linfocitos circulantes Ubicados en centros germinales y folculos linfoides de ganglios, bazo, amgdalas y tejido linfoide asociado a mucosas Se transforman en clulas plasmticas para la secrecin de inmunoglobulinas Reconocen especficamente a los antgenos mediante su complejo receptor especfico BCR compuesto por cadenas y cadenas Ig Marcadores especficos: CD19, CD21.

LINFOCITOS B
Marcadores de superficie

CLULA PLASMTICA

Immunocompetent B or T cells
Display a unique type of receptor that responds to a distinct antigen Become immunocompetent before they encounter antigens they may later attack Are exported to secondary lymphoid tissue where encounters with antigens occur Mature into fully functional antigen-activated cells upon binding with their recognized antigen It is genes, not antigens, that determine which foreign substances our immune system will recognize and resist

Chapter 21, Immune System

14

Immunocompetent B or T cells
Red bone marrow

Key:

= Site of lymphocyte origin = Site of development of immunocompetence as B or T cells; primary lymphoid organs = Site of antigen challenge and final differentiation to activated B and T cells

Circulation in blood
1 Thymus

Immature lymphocytes

1
1 Lymphocytes destined to become T

Bone marrow
2

cells migrate to the thymus and develop immunocompetence there. B cells develop immunocompetence in red bone marrow.

Immunocompetent, but still naive, lymphocyte migrates via blood

2
Lymph nodes, spleen, and other lymphoid tissues

2 After leaving the thymus or bone

marrow as naive immunocompetent cells, lymphocytes seed the lymph nodes, spleen, and other lymphoid tissues where the antigen challenge occurs.
3 Mature (antigen-activated)

Activated immunocompetent B and T cells recirculate in blood and lymph

immunocompetent lymphocytes circulate continuously in the bloodstream and lymph and throughout the lymphoid organs of the body.

Chapter 21, Immune System

15
Figure 21.8

CLULAS CITOLITICAS NATURALES (NK)

Representan el 5 a 10% de linfocitos perifricos Marcadores: CD2, CD56 y CD16 (receptor para Fc de IgG) No presentan receptores especficos para los antgenos ni inmunoglobulinas de superficie Capacidad de lisar de clulas neoplsicas, clulas infectadas por virus y algunas clulas normales por citotoxicidad directa o dependiente de anticuerpos que se fijan a sus receptores para Fc de IgG (ADCC)

CLULAS CITOLITICAS NATURALES (NK)

Marcadores de superficie

Reconocen las clulas propias a travs de un receptor que se une a molculas clase I (C) del MHC para inhibir sus accin citoltica

GRANULOCITOS
Fagocitos PMN Primera respuesta inflamatoria Secretan enzimas proteolticas (mieoloperoxidasa)

Migran de la sangre a los tejidos por factores quimiotcticos Sobrevida y proliferacin inducida por IL-5

Respuestas alrgicas y contra los parsitos (citotoxicidad)

Clulas circulante que, junto con los MASTOCITOS tisulares, secretan mediadores qumicos (Histamina) en las reacciones alrgicas tipo I mediadas por el entrecruzamiento de molculas IgE adheridas a los receptores de memebrana

CLULAS PRESENTADORAS DE ANTGENOS (CPA)

Se originan a partir de progenitores comunes de granulocitos-monocitos por accin de la IL-3, GMCSF y M-CSF Circulan por la sangre, migran a los tejidos y se diferencian en macrfagos Fagocitos tisulares Segregan citoquinas, enzimas proteolticas y factores citotxicos

Presentadoras de antgenos profesionales Se encuentran en superficies tisulares mucosos y cutneas. Captan los antgenos y migran a los ganglios linfticos

CLULAS PRESENTADORAS DE ANTGENOS MACRFAGOS

Sistema monocito-macrofgico Procesan y presentan el antgeno a clulas T Producen (IL-1 e IFN-alfa) Secretan metabolitos txicos y enzimas Son clulas efectoras en algunas formas de inmunidad celular, tal como en las reacciones de hipersensibilidad retardada.

CLULAS PRESENTADORAS DE ANTGENOS

CLULAS DENDRTICAS y de LANGERHENAS Presentan prolongaciones citoplasmticas
dendrticas y gran cantidad de molculas MHC tipo II Son excelentes

presentadores de
antgenos Poca o ninguna capacidad fagoctica.

CITOQUINAS
Molculas que inducen y regulan la respuesta inmunitaria mediante el establecimiento de interacciones con receptores especficos presentes en linfocitos, monocitos, clulas inflamatorias y clulas endoteliales.

Son producidas por distintos tipos de clulas.

Efecto pleiotrpico (actan sobre muchos tipos celulares) con accin autocrina, paracrina y endocrina.

Epithelial Chemical Barriers

Epithelial membranes produce protective chemicals that destroy microorganisms
Skin acidity (pH of 3 to 5) inhibits bacterial growth Sebum contains chemicals toxic to bacteria Stomach mucosae secrete concentrated HCl and protein-digesting enzymes Saliva and lacrimal fluid contain lysozyme Mucus traps microorganisms that enter the digestive and Chapter respiratory systems 21, Immune System 23

Surface Barriers (First Line of Defense)

Skin, mucous membranes, and their secretions make up the first line of defense Keratin in the skin:
Presents a formidable physical barrier to most microorganisms Is resistant to weak acids and bases, bacterial enzymes, and toxins

Mucosae provide similar mechanical Chapter 21, Immune System barriers

24

Innate immunity
Based on genetic make-up Relies on already formed components Rapid response: within minutes of infection Not specific
same molecules / cells respond to a range of pathogens

Has no memory
same response after repeated exposure

Does not lead to clonal expansion

Innate immunity: mechanisms

Mechanical barriers / surface secretion skin, acidic pH in stomach, cilia Humoral mechanisms lysozymes, basic proteins, complement, interferons Cellular defense mechanisms natural killer cells neutrophils, macrophages,, mast cells, basophils, eosinophils

NK Cell

Eosinophils

Neutrophil

Basophils & Mast cells

Monocyte Macrophage

Mechanism of Phagocytosis
Microbes adhere to the phagocyte Pseudopods engulf the particle (antigen) into a phagosome Phagosomes fuse with a lysosome to form a phagolysosome Invaders in the phagolysosome are digested by proteolytic enzymes Indigestible and residual material is removed by exocytosis Chapter 21, Immune System 27

Mechanism of Phagocytosis

Chapter 21, Immune System

28
Figure 21.1a, b

3. Inflammation: Tissue Response to Injury

The inflammatory response is triggered whenever body tissues are injured
Prevents the spread of damaging agents to nearby tissues Disposes of cell debris and pathogens Sets the stage for repair processes

The four cardinal signs of acute inflammation are redness, heat, swelling, and pain
Chapter 21, Immune System 29

Inflammatory Response: Phagocytic Mobilization

4 Positive

chemotaxis Inflammatory chemicals diffusing from the inflamed site act as chemotactic agents
3 Diapedesis 2 Margination

1 Neutrophils

enter blood from bone marrow

Capillary wall

Endothelium Basal lamina Chapter 21, Immune System

30 Figure 21.3

4. Antimicrobial Proteins
Enhance the innate defenses by:
Attacking microorganisms directly Hindering microorganisms ability to reproduce

The most important antimicrobial proteins are:

Interferon Complement proteins
Chapter 21, Immune System 31

Interferon Family
Interferons are a family of related proteins each with slightly different physiological effects Lymphocytes secrete gamma () interferon, but most other WBCs secrete alpha () interferon Fibroblasts secrete beta () interferon Interferons also activate macrophages and mobilize NKs FDA-approved alpha IFN is used: As an antiviral drug against hepatitis C virus To treat genital warts caused by the herpes virus
Chapter 21, Immune System 32

4 b. Complement
20 or so proteins that circulate in the blood in an inactive form Proteins include C1 through C9, factors B, D, and P, and regulatory proteins

Provides a major mechanism for destroying foreign substances in the body

Chapter 21, Immune System 33

Complement Pathways

Chapter 21, Immune System

34 Figure 21.5

Toll-like Receptors (TLRs)

Macrophages and cells lining the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts bear TLRs TLRs recognize specific classes of infecting microbes Activated TLRs trigger the release of cytokines that promote inflammation

Chapter 21, Immune System

35

Immunity: Two Intrinsic Defense Systems

Innate (nonspecific) system responds quickly and consists of:
First line of defense intact skin and mucosae prevent entry of microorganisms Second line of defense antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, and other cells Inhibit spread of invaders throughout the body Inflammation is its hallmark and most important mechanism

Chapter 21, Immune System

36

Internal Defenses (Second Line of Defense)

The body uses nonspecific cellular and chemical devices to protect itself 1. Phagocytes 2. natural killer (NK) cells 3. Inflammatory response enlists macrophages, mast cells, WBCs, and chemicals 4. Antimicrobial proteins in blood and tissue fluid

Harmful substances are identified by surface carbohydrates unique to infectious organisms

Chapter 21, Immune System 37

Adaptive immunity: second line of response

Based upon resistance acquired during life Relies on genetic events and cellular growth Responds more slowly, over few days Is specific
each cell responds to a single epitope on an antigen

Has anamnestic memory

repeated exposure leads to faster, stronger response

Leads to clonal expansion

Adaptive Immunity: Anatomy of the response

Nave T cells and B cells recirculate between lymph nodes, spleen, and the blood.

Antigen is taken from site of infection to the lymph node either by the flow of lymph or is carried by a maturing dendritic cell that migrates along the lymphatics.
The dendritic cell presents antigen to nave T cells in the lymph node to initiate the T cell immune response.

Activated T cells, after they have expanded in number, leave the lymph node and go via the blood to sites of inflammation, where they look for their antigen to mediate cell-mediated immunity.

Immunity: Two Intrinsic Defense Systems

Adaptive (specific) defense system
Third line of defense mounts attack against particular foreign substances
Takes longer to react than the innate system Works in conjunction with the innate system

Chapter 21, Immune System

40

Adaptive (Specific) Defenses (Third Line of Defense)

The adaptive immune system is a functional system that:
Recognizes specific foreign substances Acts to immobilize, neutralize, or destroy foreign substances Amplifies inflammatory response and activates complement

Chapter 21, Immune System

41

Adaptive Immune Defenses

The adaptive immune system is antigenspecific, systemic, and has memory It has two separate but overlapping arms
Humoral, or antibody-mediated (B Cell) immunity Cellular, or cell-mediated (T Cell) immunity

Chapter 21, Immune System

42

Adaptive Immunity: active and passive

Active Immunity
Natural clinical, sub-clinical infection

Passive Immunity
via breast milk, placenta

Artificial

Vaccination:
Live, killed, purified antigen vaccine

immune serum, immune cells

Adaptive immunity: mechanisms

Cell-mediated immune response (CMIR)
T-lymphocytes eliminate intracellular microbes that survive within phagocytes or other infected cells

Humoral immune response (HIR)

B-lymphocytes mediated by antibodies eliminate extra-cellular microbes and their toxins

Plasma cell (Derived from B-lymphocyte, produces antibodies)

Adaptive Immunity: Antibodies I

We can make millions or billions of different antibodies, each highly specific for a single molecule (ideally a pathogen molecule) As it develops, each B lymphocyte alters its DNA so it makes ONE antibody; each B lymphocyte is an individual, its antibody is unique A molecule that induces the production of an antibody is called an antigen In a normal immune response, several B cells that make antibodies that recognize the infectious agent become activated, each multiply to form a clone. These progeny then become antibodysecreting factories.

Adaptive Immunity: Antibodies II

Often, B cells are helped by T lymphocytes which also recognize the pathogen, these B cells take longer to make antibodies, but make higher quality antibodies (bind more strongly). Some of these high quality-producing B cells turn into antibody-secreting factories that go to the bone marrow and last a very long time (years). The antibody they produce can protect us immediately when that infectious agent returns and prevent noticeable illness This type of high quality/long lasting immune response (germinal center response) is the mechanism behind almost all successful vaccines; understanding this principle was used to greatly improve a class of vaccines against bacterial pathogens, resulting in the conjugate vaccines (starting in the 1990s)

Adaptive Immunity: Cell-mediated immunity I

T lymphocytes recognize small pieces of proteins (peptides) associated with our own cells. They do this with the T cell antigen receptor or TCR which is like an antibody, but always on the surface of the T cell, never secreted. Therefore the T cell only functions locally next to cells that that have its antigen. As with B cells, T cells alter their DNA such that each T cell makes a unique TCR and different T cells recognize different antigens There are two types of T cells: helper T cells and killer (or cytotoxic) T cells Helper T cells express a molecule called CD4 and are the cells that are infected by HIV-1; their depletion leads to the immunodeficiency of AIDS Cytotoxic T cells express a similar molecule called CD8

Antigens
Substances that can mobilize the immune system and provoke an immune response The ultimate targets of all immune responses are mostly large, complex molecules not normally found in the body (nonself)

Chapter 21, Immune System

48

Complete Antigens
Important functional properties:
Immunogenicity the ability to stimulate proliferation of specific lymphocytes and antibody production Reactivity the ability to react with the products of the activated lymphocytes and the antibodies released in response to them

Complete antigens include foreign protein, nucleic acid, some lipids, and large polysaccharides Chapter 21, Immune System 49

Haptens (Incomplete Antigens)

Small molecules, such as peptides, nucleotides, and many hormones,
not immunogenic (does not stimulate a response) reactive when attached to protein carrier.

If they link up with the bodys proteins, the adaptive immune system may recognize them as foreign and mount a harmful attack (allergy)
Chapter 21, Immune System 50

Antigenic Determinants
Only certain parts of an entire antigen are immunogenic Antibodies and activated lymphocytes bind to these antigenic determinants Most naturally occurring antigens have numerous antigenic determinants that: Mobilize several different lymphocyte populations Form different kinds of antibodies against it Large, chemically simple molecules (e.g., plastics) have little or no immunogenicity
Chapter 21, Immune System 51

Antigenic Determinants

Chapter 21, Immune System

52 Figure 21.6

Self-Antigens: MHC Proteins

Our cells are dotted with protein molecules (selfantigens) that are not antigenic to us but are strongly antigenic to others (reason for transplant rejection) One type of these, MHC proteins, mark a cell as self The two classes of MHC proteins are: Class I MHC proteins found on virtually all body cells Class II MHC proteins found on certain cells in the immune response
Chapter 21, Immune System 53

MOLCULAS DE HISTOCOMPATIBILIDAD
Molculas glucoproteicas de la superficie de las clulas que se unen a fragmentos peptdicos, a fin de presentarlos a las clulas T especficas

Son importantes en el rechazo de transplantes y en la predisposicin a enfermedades

Varios genes codifican antgenos de histocompatibilidad, pero los principales se ubican en el brazo corto del cromosoma 6 en el Complejo mayor de histocompatibilidad (MHC)

CATEGORIAS DEL COMPLEJO MAYOR DE HISTOCOMPATIBILIDAD (MHC)

Genes clase I (HLA-A, HLA-B y HLA-C) y II (HLA-DR, HLA-DQ y HLA-DP) codifican glucoprotenas de superficie celular. Genes clase III codifican componentes del sistema del complemento.
DP DQ DR

Complemento

TNF

B C

CLASE II

CLASE III

CITOQUINAS

CLASE I

CITOQUINAS
Molculas que inducen y regulan la respuesta inmunitaria mediante el establecimiento de interacciones con receptores especficos presentes en linfocitos, monocitos, clulas inflamatorias y clulas endoteliales.

Son producidas por distintos tipos de clulas.

Efecto pleiotrpico (actan sobre muchos tipos celulares) con accin autocrina, paracrina y endocrina.

CITOQUINAS Clasificacin
Citoquinas pro-inflamatorias que median la inmunidad natural: (IL-1, TNF-alfa, IFN-gamma, IL-8). Citoquinas que regulan el crecimiento, activacin y diferenciacin de los linfocitos (IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12 y TGF-beta). Ciroquinas que estimulan a otras clulas (IL-13 a linfocitos B, IL-5 a eosinfilos) Citoquinas que estimulan la hematopoyesis (GM-CSF, M-CSF, IL-3).

Humoral Immunity Response

Antigen challenge first encounter between an antigen and a naive immunocompetent cell Takes place in the spleen or other lymphoid organ If the lymphocyte is a B cell:
The challenging antigen provokes a humoral immune response
Antibodies are produced against the challenger
Chapter 21, Immune System 58

Clonal Selection

Chapter 21, Immune System

59
Figure 21.9

Fate of the Clones

Most clone cells become antibodysecreting plasma cells Plasma cells secrete specific antibody at the rate of 2000 molecules per second

Chapter 21, Immune System

60

Fate of the Clones

Secreted antibodies:
Bind to free antigens Mark the antigens for destruction by specific or nonspecific mechanisms

Clones that do not become plasma cells become memory cells that can mount an immediate response to subsequent exposures of the same antigen
Chapter 21, Immune System 61

Immunological Memory
Primary immune response cellular differentiation and proliferation, which occurs on the first exposure to a specific antigen
Lag period: 3 to 6 days after antigen challenge Peak levels of plasma antibody are achieved in 10 days Antibody levels then decline
Chapter 21, Immune System 62

Immunological Memory
Secondary immune response reexposure to the same antigen
Sensitized memory cells respond within hours Antibody levels peak in 2 to 3 days at much higher levels than in the primary response Antibodies bind with greater affinity, and their levels in the blood can remain high for weeks to months

Chapter 21, Immune System

63

Summary of the Primary Immune Response

Chapter 21, Immune System

Figure64 21.19

Primary and Secondary Humoral Responses

Chapter 21, Immune System

65
Figure 21.10

Active Humoral Immunity

B cells encounter antigens and produce antibodies against them
Naturally acquired response to a bacterial or viral infection Artificially acquired response to a vaccine of dead or attenuated pathogens
Vaccines spare us the symptoms of disease, and their weakened antigens provide antigenic determinants that are immunogenic and reactive
Chapter 21, Immune System 66

Passive Humoral Immunity

Differs from active immunity in the antibody source and the degree of protection B cells are not challenged by antigens Immunological memory does not occur Protection ends when antigens naturally degrade in the body Naturally acquired from the mother to her fetus via the placenta Artificially acquired from the injection of serum, such as gamma globulin

Chapter 21, Immune System

67

Types of Acquired Immunity

Chapter 21, Immune System

Figure68 21.11

RESPUESTA INMUNE
RECONOCIMIENTO DE ANTGENOS
Presentacin del pptido antignico en la fosa o canal de la molcula MHC clase I a un linfocito T CD8+ o citotxico

RESPUESTA INMUNE
PRESENTACIN DEL ANTGENO

CLULA PRESENTADORA DE ANTGENOS Molcula Clase II del MHC

Presentacin del pptido antignico por molculas MHC clase II a las clulas T CD4+ (helper). Importancia de las molculas co-estimulatorias CD28 y B7
CLULA T CD4*

RESPUESTA INMUNE INDUCCIN

Th 1

Th 0
Th 2
Alergeno

Sntesis de las Inmunoglobulinas

El tipo de anticuerpo resultante depende del perfil de citoquinas secretado por las clulas Th en respuesta a la presentacin del Ag

Antibodies
Also called immunoglobulins Constitute the gamma globulin portion of blood proteins Are soluble proteins secreted by activated B cells and plasma cells in response to an antigen Are capable of binding specifically with that antigen There are five classes of antibodies: IgD, IgM, IgG, IgA, and IgE

Chapter 21, Immune System

73

Inmunoglobulinas
Cada monmero se forma por la unin no covalente de dos cadenas livianas (kappa o lambda) y dos cadenas pesadas especficas de cada isotipo de inmunoglobulina: IgM cadenas IgG cadenas IgA cadenas IgE cadenas IgD cadenas Sus funciones biolgicas dependen del fragmento Fc: Fijacin de complemento (IgM e IgG) Unin a receptores celulares (IgG, IgM, IgE) Pasaje placentario (IgG) Pasaje a mucosas (IgA)

Antibody Targets
Antibodies themselves do not destroy antigen; they inactivate and tag it for destruction All antibodies form an antigen-antibody (immune) complex Defensive mechanisms used by antibodies are neutralization, agglutination, precipitation, and complement fixation
Chapter 21, Immune System 75

Mechanisms of Antibody Action

Chapter 21, Immune System

76
Figure 21.13

Funcin de las Inmunoglobulinas

IgA Predominante en secreciones seromucosas
(saliva, secreciones traqueo-bronquiales, vaginales, etc.) Se presenta como dmero (impide protelisis por enzimas digestivas).

IgG Principal anticuerpo de respuesta secundaria

(memoria). Actividad anti-virus, bacterias, parsitos y algunos hongos Cruzan placenta (inmunidad pasiva transplacentaria, 3-6 meses post-parto) Activa complemento por va clsica.

Funcin de las Inmunoglobulinas

IgM Principal anticuerpo de respuesta inmune
inmediata y primaria Se presenta como pentmero en asociacin con cadena "J Activa complemento por va csica

IgE Se une a receptores de alta afinidad en

basofilos y mastocitos Participa en respuestas anti-helmintos e hipersensibilidad inmediata (anafilaxia)

IgD Se encuentra circulante y en la superficie de

las clulas B maduras

Cell-Mediated Immune Response

Since antibodies are useless against intracellular antigens, cell-mediated immunity is needed Two major populations of T cells mediate cellular immunity CD4 cells (T4 cells) are primarily helper T cells (TH) CD8 cells (T8 cells) are cytotoxic T cells (TC) that destroy cells harboring foreign antigens Other types of T cells are: Suppressor T cells (TS) Memory T cells
Chapter 21, Immune System 79

Major Types of T Cells

Chapter 21, Immune System

Figure80 21.14

Importance of Humoral Response

Soluble antibodies
The simplest ammunition of the immune response Interact in extracellular environments such as body secretions, tissue fluid, blood, and lymph

Chapter 21, Immune System

81

Importance of Cellular Response

T cells recognize and respond only to processed fragments of antigen displayed on the surface of body cells T cells are best suited for cell-to-cell interactions, and target:
Cells infected with viruses, bacteria, or intracellular parasites Abnormal or cancerous cells Cells of infused or transplanted foreign tissue
Chapter 21, Immune System 82

Class I MHC Proteins

Chapter 21, Immune System

83 Figure 21.15a

Class II MHC Proteins

Chapter 21, Immune System

Figure 21.15b

84

T Cell Activation: Step One Antigen Binding

Chapter 21, Immune System

Figure85 21.16

Helper T Cells (TH)

Chapter 21, Immune System

86 Figure 21.17a

Helper T Cells

Chapter 21, Immune System

87 Figure 21.17b

Cytotoxic T Cell (Tc)

TC cells, or killer T cells, are the only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells They circulate throughout the body in search of body cells that display the antigen to which they have been sensitized Their targets include: Virus-infected cells Cells with intracellular bacteria or parasites Cancer cells Foreign cells from blood transfusions or transplants
Chapter 21, Immune System 88

Mechanisms of Tc Action

Chapter 21, Immune System

89
Figure 21.18a, b