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July 5, 2013
AGENDA
Conclusion
Relays are electrical switches that open or close another circuit under certain conditions.
RELAY PURPOSE
Isolate controlling circuit from controlled circuit. Control high voltage system with low voltage. Control high current system with low current. Logic Functions
RELAY TYPES
EMRs consist of an input coil that's wound to accept a particular voltage signal, plus a set of one or more contacts that rely on an armature (or lever) activated by the energized coil to open or close an electrical circuit. SSRs use semiconductor output instead of mechanical contacts to switch the circuit. The output device is optically-coupled to an LED light source inside the relay. The relay is turned on by energizing this LED, usually with low-voltage DC power.
Use microprocessor for switching mechanism. Commonly used in power system monitoring and protection.
SOLD-STATE RELAY
ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES
Electromagnetic Relays (EMRs) Simplicity Not expensive Mechanical Wear Solid-state Relays (SSRs) No Mechanical movements Faster than EMR No sparking between contacts Microprocessor-based Relay Much higher precision and more reliable and durable. Improve the reliability and power quality of electrical power systems before, during and after faults occur. Capable of both digital and analog I/O. Higher cost
ELECTRICAL FAULTS
majority are phase-to-ground faults phase-to-phase phase-phase-phase double-phase-to-ground
Detect system failures when they occur and isolate the faulted section from the remaining of the system. Mitigating the effects of failures after they occur. Minimize risk of fire, danger to personal and other high voltage systems.
MOTOR PROTECTION
Timed Overload Locked Rotor Single Phase and Phase Unbalance Other
PLUNGER-TYPE RELAYS
Fast reaction time Use timer for time delay
PLUNGER-TYPE RELAYS
INDUCTION-TYPE RELAYS
Most frequently used when AC power presents Change taps to adjust time delay
INDUCTION-TYPE RELAYS
Similar types of relays that are used for motor timed overload protection could be used for motor stalling protection.
three-phase motors are subject to loss of one of the three phases from the power distribution system.
In a balanced system the three line-neutral voltages are equal in magnitude and are 120 degrees out of phase with each other. Otherwise, the system is unbalanced.
Instantaneous Overcurrent
Differential Relays
Electromagnetic Relays Differential Relays
Undervoltage
Ground Fault
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
Gas and Temperature Monitoring Differential and Ground Fault Protection
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
Gas Monitoring Relays: These relays will sense any amount of gas inside the transformer. A tiny little amount of gas will cause transformer explosion. Temperature Monitoring Relays: These relays are used to monitor the winding temperature of the transformer and prevent overheating.
For a wye connection, ground fault can be detected from the grounded neutral wire.
GENERATOR PROTECTION
Differential and Ground Fault Protection Phase Unbalance
Voltage example:
Negative Sequence Relay will constantly measure and compare the magnitude and direction of the current.
CONCLUSION
Relays control output circuits of a much higher power. Safety is increased Protective relays are essential for keeping faults in the system isolated and keep equipment from being damaged.