Introduction How does it work?

High Temperature Reservoir

Heat Rejected R Work Input

Heat Absorbed Low Temperature Reservoir

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Introduction
How does it work?
Thermal energy moves from left to right through five loops of heat transfer:
1) Indoor air loop 2) 3) 4) 5)

Chilled water loop

Refrigerant loop

Condenser water loop

Cooling water loop

(Bureau of Energy Efficiency, 2004)

Introduction AC Systems
AC options / combinations:
Air Conditioning (for comfort / machine) Split air conditioners Fan coil units in a larger system Air handling units in a larger system

Introduction Refrigeration systems for industrial processes

Small capacity modular units of direct expansion type (50 Tons of Refrigeration)
Centralized chilled water plants with chilled water as a secondary coolant (50
250 TR)

Brine plants with brines as lower temperature, secondary coolant (>250 TR)
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Introduction Refrigeration at large companies

Bank of units off-site with common
Chilled water pumps Condenser water pumps

Cooling towers

More levels of refrigeration/AC, e.g. Comfort air conditioning (20-25 oC)

Chilled water system (8 10 oC) Brine system (< 0 oC)
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Types of Refrigeration Refrigeration systems

Vapour Compression Refrigeration (VCR): uses mechanical energy Vapour Absorption Refrigeration (VAR): uses thermal energy

Type of Refrigeration Vapour Compression Refrigeration

Highly compressed fluids tend to get colder when allowed to expand If pressure high enough Compressed air hotter than source of cooling Expanded gas cooler than desired cold temperature
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Type of Refrigeration Vapour Compression Refrigeration

Two advantages Lot of heat can be removed (lot of thermal energy to change liquid to vapour) Heat transfer rate remains high (temperature of working fluid much lower than what is being cooled)
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Type of Refrigeration Vapour Compression Refrigeration

Refrigeration cycle
Condenser 4 3

High Pressure Side Expansion Device

Compressor

1 Evaporator

Low Pressure Side

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Type of Refrigeration
Low pressure liquid refrigerant in evaporator absorbs heat and changes to a gas

Vapour Compression Refrigeration

Refrigeration cycle
Condenser 4 3

High Pressure Side Expansion Device

Compressor

1 Evaporator

Low Pressure Side

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Type of Refrigeration
The superheated vapour enters the compressor where its pressure is raised

Vapour Compression Refrigeration

Refrigeration cycle
Condenser 4 3

High Pressure Side Expansion Device

Compressor

1 Evaporator

Low Pressure Side

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Type of Refrigeration
The high pressure superheated gas is cooled in several stages in the condenser

Vapour Compression Refrigeration

Refrigeration cycle
Condenser 4 3

High Pressure Side Expansion Device

Compressor

1 Evaporator

Low Pressure Side

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Type of Refrigeration Vapour Compression Refrigeration

Refrigeration cycle
Condenser 4 3

Liquid passes through expansion device, which reduces its pressure and controls the flow into the evaporator

High Pressure Side Expansion Device

Compressor

1 Evaporator

Low Pressure Side

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Type of Refrigeration Vapour Compression Refrigeration

Type of refrigerant Refrigerant determined by the required cooling temperature Chlorinated fluorocarbons (CFCs) or freons: R-11, R-12, R-21, R-22 and R502
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Type of Refrigeration Vapour Compression Refrigeration

Choice of compressor, design of condenser, evaporator determined by
Refrigerant
Required cooling Load

Ease of maintenance
Physical space requirements Availability of utilities (water, power)
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Type of Refrigeration Vapour Absorption Refrigeration

Condenser

Generator
Hot Side

Evaporator

Cold Side

Absorber

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Type of Refrigeration Vapour Absorption Refrigeration

Evaporator

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Type of Refrigeration Vapour Absorption Refrigeration

Absorber

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Type of Refrigeration
Vapour Absorption Refrigeration
High pressure generator

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Type of Refrigeration Vapour Absorption Refrigeration

Condenser

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Type of Refrigeration
Evaporative Cooling
Air in contact with water to cool it close to wet bulb temperature Advantage: efficient cooling at low cost

Disadvantage: air is rich in moisture

Sprinkling Water

Hot Air

Cold Air

(Adapted from Munters, 2001)

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Assessment of Refrigeration and AC Assessment of Refrigeration

Cooling effect: Tons of Refrigeration
1 TR = 3024 kCal/hr heat rejected

TR is assessed as:
TR = Q xCp x (Ti To) / 3024
Q= Cp = Ti = To = mass flow rate of coolant in kg/hr is coolant specific heat in kCal /kg deg C inlet, temperature of coolant to evaporator (chiller) in 0C outlet temperature of coolant from evaporator (chiller) in 0C

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Assessment of Refrigeration and AC Assessment of Refrigeration

Specific Power Consumption (kW/TR) Indicator of refrigeration systems performance kW/TR of centralized chilled water system is sum of
Compressor kW/TR Chilled water pump kW/TR

Condenser water pump kW/TR

Cooling tower fan kW/TR
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Assessment of Refrigeration and AC

Assessment of Refrigeration
Coefficient of Performance (COPCarnot)
Standard measure of refrigeration efficiency Depends on evaporator temperature Te and condensing temperature Tc:
COPCarnot = Te / (Tc - Te)

COP in industry calculated for type of compressor:

COP = Cooling effect (kW) Power input to compressor (kW)

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Assessment of Refrigeration and AC Assessment of Refrigeration

COP increases with rising evaporator temperature (Te)

COP increases with decreasing condensing temperature (Tc) 27

Assessment of Refrigeration and AC

Assessment of Air Conditioning

Measure
Airflow Q (m3/s) at Fan Coil Units (FCU) or Air Handling Units (AHU): anemometer

Air density (kg/m3)

Dry bulb and wet bulb temperature: psychrometer Enthalpy (kCal/kg) of inlet air (hin) and outlet air (Hout): psychrometric charts
Q h in h out TR 3024
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Calculate TR

Assessment of Refrigeration and AC

Assessment of Air Conditioning

Indicative TR load profile
Small office cabins : 0.1 TR/m2 Medium size office (10 30 people occupancy) with central A/C: 0.06 TR/m2 Large multistoried office complexes with central A/C: 0.04 TR/m2
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Assessment of Refrigeration and AC Considerations for Assessment

Accuracy of measurements
Inlet/outlet temp of chilled and condenser water Flow of chilled and condenser water

Integrated Part Load Value (IPLV)

kW/TR for 100% load but most equipment operate between 50-75% of full load IPLV calculates kW/TR with partial loads Four points in cycle: 100%, 75%, 50%, 25%
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