Uncontrolled copy not subject to amendment

Principles of Flight

Principles of Flight
Learning Outcome 5: Be able to apply the principles of flight and control to rotary wing aircraft Part 1

Questions

Name the Forces Acting on a Glider in Normal Flight.

a. Force, Weight and Lift. b. Drag, Weight and Thrust. c. Drag, Weight and Lift.

d. Drag, Thrust and Lift.

Questions

How does a Glider Pilot Increase the Airspeed?

a. Operate the Airbrakes. b. Lower the Nose by pushing the Stick Forward. c. Raise the Nose by pulling the Stick Back.

d. Lower the Nose by pulling the Stick Back.

Questions

A Viking Glider descends from 1640 ft (0.5 km).

How far over the ground does it Travel (in still air)? a. 17.5 kms. b. 35 kms.

c. 70 kms.
d. 8.75 kms.

Questions

When flying into a Headwind, the distance covered

over the ground will: a. Be the same. b. Decrease.

c.

Increase.

d. No change.

Propellers
Objectives: 1. Define Blade Angle and Blade Angle of Attack. 2. Show with the aid of a diagram the Aerodynamic Forces acting on a Propeller Blade in flight. 3. Explain Aerodynamic and Centrifugal Twisting Moments acting on a propeller. 4. Explain the effect of changing forward speed on: a. A Fixed Pitch propeller. b. A Variable Pitch propeller. (and thus the advantages of a variable pitch propeller). 5. Explain the factors causing swings on take-off for: a. A Nose-Wheel aircraft. b. A Tail- Wheel aircraft.

Propellers

MOD

Propellers (Terminology)

Propellers (Terminology)

Airflow due to Rotational Velocity

Propellers (Terminology)
Induced Flow

Airflow due to Rotational Velocity

Propellers (Terminology)
Induced Flow

Relative Airflow

Airflow due to Rotational Velocity

Propellers (Terminology)
Induced Flow

Chord Line

Relative Airflow

Airflow due to Rotational Velocity

Propellers (Terminology)
Induced Flow

Chord Line

Relative Airflow

Airflow due to Rotational Velocity

= AofA

Propellers (Terminology)
Induced Flow

Chord Line

Relative Airflow

Airflow due to Rotational Velocity

= AofA
= Blade Angle

Propellers Blade Twist

Rotational Velocity Approx 4o Angle of Attack

Total Inflow

Effect of Airspeed
Induced Flow

Airflow due to Rotational Velocity

At Zero Airspeed

Effect of Airspeed
TAS + Induced Flow = Total Inflow

Airflow due to Rotational Velocity (Same)

At a Forward Airspeed

Effect of Airspeed
TAS + Induced Flow = Total Inflow

Airflow due to Rotational Velocity (Same)

At a Forward Airspeed Need larger for same

Effect of Airspeed

_ 100%

Fine
Propeller 75% Efficiency _ at Max Power
50% _

Coarse

25%

True Airspeed

Pitch of Propeller Blade

_ 100%

Fine
Propeller 75% Efficiency _ at Max Power
50% _

Variable Pitch Coarse

25%

True Airspeed

Why a different Number of Blades?

Aerodynamic Forces
Total Inflow

RAF

Airflow due to Rotational Velocity

Aerodynamic Forces
Total Inflow

RAF

Airflow due to Rotational Velocity

Total Reaction

Aerodynamic Forces
Total Inflow

RAF

Airflow due to Rotational Velocity

Drag Lift

Total Reaction

Aerodynamic Forces
Total Inflow

RAF

Airflow due to Rotational Velocity

Thrust

Total Reaction

Aerodynamic Forces
Total Inflow

RAF

Airflow due to Rotational Velocity

Thrust

Total Reaction

Prop Rotational Drag

Aerodynamic Forces (Effect of High Speed)

TAS+Induced Flow

RAF

Airflow due to Rotational Velocity

Thrust

Total Reaction

Slow Speed Fixed Pitch

Aerodynamic Forces (Effect of High Speed)

TAS+Induced Flow

RAF

Airflow due to Rotational Velocity

Thrust

Total Reaction

High Speed Fixed Pitch

Aerodynamic Forces (Effect of High Speed)

TAS+Induced Flow

RAF

Airflow due to Rotational Velocity

Thrust

Total Reaction

High Speed Fixed Pitch

Aerodynamic Forces (Effect of High Speed)

TAS+Induced Flow

RAF

Airflow due to Rotational Velocity

Thrust

Total Reaction

High Speed Fixed Pitch

Aerodynamic Forces (Effect of High Speed)

TAS+Induced Flow

RAF

Airflow due to Rotational Velocity

Thrust

NB: Rotational Drag reduced, RPM ?

High Speed Fixed Pitch

Aerodynamic Forces (Effect of High Speed)

TAS+Induced Flow

RAF

Airflow due to Rotational Velocity

Thrust

NB: Rotational Drag reduced, RPM increases. Dont exceed limits.

High Speed Fixed Pitch

Aerodynamic Forces (Effect of High Speed)

TAS+Induced Flow

RAF

Airflow due to Rotational Velocity

Thrust

Total Reaction

Slow Speed Variable Pitch

Aerodynamic Forces (Effect of High Speed)

Faster TAS+Induced Flow

RAF

Airflow due to Rotational Velocity

Thrust (eventually reduces)

Total Reaction
(same or possibly greater)

High Speed Variable Pitch

Windmilling Propeller
Negative

TAS

Airflow due to Rotational Velocity

Windmilling Propeller
Negative

TAS

TR

Airflow due to Rotational Velocity

Windmilling Propeller
Negative

TAS

TR Negative Thrust (Drag)

Airflow due to Rotational Velocity

Windmilling Propeller
Negative

TAS

TR Negative Thrust (Drag)

Negative Rotational Drag (Driving The Propeller)

Airflow due to Rotational Velocity

Windmilling Propeller
Negative

TAS

TR Negative Thrust (Drag)

Negative Rotational Drag (Driving The Propeller) This may cause further damage, even Fire.

Airflow due to Rotational Velocity

Feathered Propeller

Although twisted, in aggregate, blade at Zero Lift . Therefore drag at minimum. Note that in Firefly/Tutor prop goes to Fine Pitch if engine rotating, Coarse Pitch if engine seized

Take-Off Swings
All Aircraft: Torque Reaction means greater rolling resistance on one wheel Helical slipstream acts more on one side of the fin than the other

Take-Off Swings

Take-Off Swings
Tail wheel aircraft only: Asymmetric blade effect Gyroscopic effect

Take-Off Swings

Take-Off Swings

Affect all aircraft on rotate?

Take-Off Swings
All Aircraft:

Dont forget crosswind effect!

Centrifugal Twisting Moment

Tries to fine blade off

Aerodynamic Twisting Moment

Relative Airflow

Total Reaction

Tries to coarsen blade up

Aerodynamic Twisting Moment Windmilling

Total Reaction

Relative Airflow

Tries to fine blade off

ANY QUESTIONS?

Propellers
Objectives: 1. Define Blade Angle and Blade Angle of Attack. 2. Show with the aid of a diagram the Aerodynamic Forces acting on a Propeller Blade in flight. 3. Explain Aerodynamic and Centrifugal Twisting Moments acting on a propeller. 4. Explain the effect of changing forward speed on: a. A Fixed Pitch propeller. b. A Variable Pitch propeller. (and thus the advantages of a variable pitch propeller). 5. Explain the factors causing swings on take-off for: a. A Nose-Wheel aircraft. b. A Tail- Wheel aircraft.

Questions

Blade Angle of Attack is between?

a. The Chord and Relative Airflow. b. The Rotational Velocity and the Relative Airflow. c. The Total Reaction and the Chord.

d. Lift and Drag.

Questions

Increasing speed with a fixed pitch propeller will?

a. Be more efficient. b. Reduce efficiency. c. Make no difference.

d. Increase the Engine speed.

Questions

The Forces trying to alter the Propeller Blade

Angle of Attack are? a. ATM and CTM. b. CDM and ATM.

c. CTM and REV.

d. AOA and ATM.

Questions

The Resultant Forces that a Propeller produce are?

a. Lift and Thrust. b. Thrust and Propeller Rotational Drag. c. Drag and Total Reaction.

d. Drag and Thrust.