1

GASES and their PROPERTIES

Exercises, Examples, and BOLD numbered problems

Chapter 12 Outline
Pressure formulas Combined PV=nRT Know Key Equations 12.1-8

BEHAVIOR OF GASES

Importance of Gases

Airbags fill with N2 gas in an accident. Gas is generated by the decomposition of sodium azide, NaN3. 2 NaN3 ---> 2 Na + 3 N2

THREE STATES OF MATTER

General Properties of Gases

There is a lot of free space in a gas. Gases can be expanded infinitely. Gases occupy containers uniformly and completely. Gases diffuse and mix rapidly.

Properties of Gases
Gas properties can be modeled using mathematics. Model depends on

V = volume of the gas (L) T = temperature (K) n = amount (moles) P = pressure (atmospheres)

Pressure of air is measured with a BAROMETER (developed by Torricelli in 1643)

Pressure

Hg rises in tube until force of Hg (down) balances the force of atmosphere (pushing up). P of Hg pushing down related to Hg density column height

Pressure
Column height measures P of atmosphere, where 1 standard atm = 760 mm Hg = 29.9 inches Hg

= about 34 feet of water

SI unit is PASCAL, Pa, where 1 atm = 101.325 kPa 1 atm = 1.01325 barr

Gas Pressure

10

Pressure is defined as the force per unit area, and is usually measured in Pascals, which are N/m2. We measure pressure in mmHg or torr. These units of pressure are equivalent come from measurements using a Torricellian barometer.

F g d cm d h cm P= = = = = dh 2 2 2 A cm cm cm
3 2

P = pressure, F = Force ~ mass (g), A (area) = cm2, d = density (g/cm3), h = height P is proportional to the height of the liquid mercury.

11

IDEAL GAS LAW

PV=nRT
Brings together gas properties. Can be derived from experiment and theory.

12

Boyles Law
If n and T are constant, then PV = (nRT) = k This means, for example, that P goes up as V goes down.

Robert Boyle (1627-1691). Son of Early of Cork, Ireland.

13

Boyles Law
Boyle's law states that the pressure is inversely proportional to volume, --- at constant n and T.

P a 1/V As P increases, V decreases PV = Cb

P1V1 = P2V2

14

Boyles Law
A bicycle pump is a good example of Boyles law. As the volume of the air trapped in the pump is reduced, its pressure goes up, and air is forced into the tire.

See Figures 12.3 and 12.4 page 543.

Charless Law
If n and P are constant, then
V = (nR/P)T = kT

15

V and T are directly proportional.

Jacques Charles (1746-1823). Isolated boron and studied gases. Balloonist.

Charless Law
V = CcT or

16

As temperature increases, volume increases, at constant n and P. If the Kelvin scale is used, V a T.

V1 V2 T1 T2

17

Charless Law

18

Gay-Lussac and Avogadro

Equal volumes of gases contain equal numbers of molecules at constant T and P.

V a n

or V = Ca n

V1 V2 n1 n 2

19

Gay-Lussacs Law

Avogadros Hypothesis
Equal volumes of gases at the same T and P have the same number of molecules. V = n (RT/P) = kn V and n are directly proportional.

20

twice as many molecules

21

Avogadros Hypothesis
The gases in this experiment are all measured at the same T and P.

22

THE IDEAL GAS LAW

Combining the previous gas laws, produces the Ideal Gas Law. PV = nRT R = 0.082057 L atm/K mol Standard temperature and pressure, STP, are defined as: 0oC or 273.15 K

and exactly one atmosphere pressure.

23

THE IDEAL GAS LAW

One mole of gas occupies 22.414 L at STP, and is called the standard molar volume or the molar volume at standard conditions. The gas law can also be written in another form:

P1 V1 ----------n1 T1

P2 V2 = -----------n2 T2

24

Sample Problems
Calculate the new temperature if a sample of gas at 25.0oC has a volume of 475 liters at a pressure of 3.50 atm and has a new volume of 825 liters at a pressure of 2.85 atm. Calculate the volume of the original sample at STP.

Using PV = nRT
How much N2 is reqd to fill a small room with a volume of 960 cubic feet (27,000 L) to P = 745 mm Hg at 25 oC?

25

R = 0.0821 Latm/Kmol

Solution
1. Convert all data into proper units
V = 27,000 L T = 25 oC + 273 = 298 K

P = 745 mm Hg (1 atm/760 mm Hg) = 0.980 atm

Using PV = nRT
How much N2 is reqd to fill a small room with a volume of 960 cubic feet (27,000 L) to P = 745 mm Hg at 25 oC? R = 0.0821 Latm/Kmol

26

Solution
2. Now calc. n = PV / RT

(0.980 atm)(2.7 x 10 L) n = (0.0821 L atm/K mol)(298 K)

n = 1.1 x 103 mol (or about 30 kg of gas)

27

Gases and Stoichiometry

Figure 12.9

28

Gases and Stoichiometry

2 H2O2(liq) ---> 2 H2O(g) + O2(g) Decompose 1.1 g of H2O2 in a flask with a volume of 2.50 L. What is the pressure of O2 at 25 oC? Of H2O? Solution

Strategy:
Calculate moles of H2O2 and then moles of O2 and H2O. Finally, calculate P from n, R, T, and V.

Gases and Stoichiometry

2 H2O2(liq) ---> 2 H2O(g) + O2(g) Decompose 1.1 g of H2O2 in a flask with a volume of 2.50 L. What is the pressure of O2 at 25 oC? Of H2O? Solution

29

1 mol 1.1 g H2 O2 0.032 mol 34.0 g

1 mol O2 0.032 mol H2O2 = 0.016 mol O2 2 mol H2 O 2

30

Gases and Stoichiometry

2 H2O2(liq) ---> 2 H2O(g) + O2(g) Decompose 1.1 g of H2O2 in a flask with a volume of 2.50 L. What is the pressure of O2 at 25 oC? Of H2O? Solution

P of O2 = nRT/V (0.016 mol)(0.0821 L atm/K mol)(298 K) = 2.50 L

P of O2 = 0.16 atm

31

Gases and Stoichiometry

2 H2O2(liq) ---> 2 H2O(g) + O2(g) Solution What is P of H2O? Could calculate as above. But recall Avogadros hypothesis. V

n at same T and P

n at same T and V

There are 2 times as many moles of H2O a moles of O2. P is proportional to n. Therefore, P of H2O is twice that of O2. P of H2O = 0.32 atm

Daltons Law of Partial Pressures

1. Each component in a gas mixture exerts a pressure independent of the other components in the mixture. 2. This pressure is called the partial pressure. 3. Dalton's law of partial pressures explains the relationship between these pressures and the other variables.

32

4. The mole fraction, XA, is defined as:

moles of A A moles total

1. Each component in a gas mixture exerts a pressure independent of the other components in the mixture. 2. This pressure is called the partial pressure.

33

Daltons Law of Partial Pressures

34

3. Dalton's law of partial pressures explains the relationship between these pressures and the other variables.

Ideal Gas Law PV = nRT

Ideal Gas Law Relationships

35

PV = nRT

PV R nT

PA VA R n A TA

PB VB R n B TB

Ideal Gas Law Relationships Rearrangement of Terms

36

PA VA PB VB PC VC R= n A TA n B TB n C TC
Combined Gas Law

Daltons Law of Partial Pressures

37

3. Dalton's law of partial pressures explains the relationship between these pressures and the other variables.

Ideal Gas Law PV = nRT

PA VA R n A TA

Daltons Law of Partial Pressures

38

3. Dalton's law of partial pressures explains the relationship between these pressures and the other variables.

VA PA n A TA VT VA VB PT PA PB ... n T TT n A TA n BTB

39

These terms can be regrouped

VT VA VB PT PA PB ... n T TT n A TA n BTB
PT = PA + PB + PC etc.
Same holds for moles since PT = nT

nT = nA + nB + nC etc.

Daltons Law of Partial Pressures

4. The mole fraction, XA, is defined as: moles of A/moles total

40

PT VT PA VA PB VB PC VC ... n T TT n A TA n BTB n C TC
For conditions of constant V & T

PT PA PB PC ... nT nA nB nC

Daltons Law of Partial Pressures

4. The mole fraction, XA, is defined as: moles of A/moles total

41

PT PA ... nT nA

nA PT PA nT

nA PT PT A =PA nT

Daltons Law of Partial Pressures

3. Relationship between these pressures and the other variables.

42

PT = PA + PB + PC etc. And --nT = nA + nB + nC etc.

4. Mole fraction = XA

PA = XAPTotal

Daltons Law of Partial Pressures

2 H2O2(liq) ---> 2 H2O(g) + O2(g) 0.32 atm 0.16 atm
What is the total pressure in the flask?

43

Ptotal in gas mixture = PA + PB + ...

Therefore:

Ptotal = P(H2O) + P(O2) = 0.48 atm

Daltons Law: total P is sum of PARTIAL pressures.

Figures 12.12 and 12.14

44

Sample Problems
1. A mixture of 2.50 moles neon, 1.45 moles helium, and 2.80 moles argon has a pressure of 1.45 atm. What are the partial pressure of all the gases in this system?

PA = XAPTotal

nA PT A PT PA nT

45

Sample Problems
A mixture of 2.50 moles neon, 1.45 moles helium, and 2.80 moles argon has a pressure of 1.45 atm. What are the partial pressure of all the gases in this system?

2.50 mol Ne + 1.45 mol He + 2.8 mol Ar = 6.75 mole total

46

Sample Problems
A mixture of 2.50 moles neon, 1.45 moles helium, and 2.80 moles argon has a pressure of 1.45 atm. What are the partial pressure of all the gases in this system?

PNe =

2.50 mole Ne 6.75 mole total 1.45 mole Ne 6.75 mole total

1.45 atm = 0.537 atm

PHe =

1.45 atm = 0.311 atm

47

Sample Problems
A mixture of 2.50 moles neon, 1.45 moles helium, and 2.80 moles argon has a pressure of 1.45 atm. What are the partial pressure of all the gases in this system?

PAr =

2.80 mole Ne 6.75 mole total

1.45 atm = 0.601 atm

Check Your Answer PNe +PHe +PAr = .537 atm + .311 atm + .601 atm = 1.45 atm total

48

Sample Problems
2. If 425 mL of hydrogen is collected over water at 25oC and 755.0 torr, calculate the volume of dry hydrogen at STP.
wet H2 dry H2 at STP

V=
T= P=
*(P atm

425 mL
298 K 731.2 torr* = PH2 + PH2O

? mL
273 K 760 torr PH2 = 755.0 - 23.8 torr)

49

Sample Problems
2.
V= T= P=
*(P

wet H2 425 mL 298 K 731.2 torr*

dry H2 at STP ? mL 273 K 760 torr

= 755.0 - 23.8 torr)

Using the Combined Gas Law = 375 mL H2

50

GAS DENSITY
Low density

High density

51

GAS DENSITY
PV = nRT
n P = V RT m P = M V RT

m M n

where M = molar mass

m PM d = = V RT

52

USING GAS DENSITY

The density of air at 15 oC and 1.00 atm is 1.23 g/L. What is the molar mass of air?

Solve the equation for M.

M = dRT/P
M = 29.1 g/mol
Note: Volume not needed!

KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY (KMT)

Theory used to explain gas laws. KMT assumptions are: Gases consist of molecules in constant, random motion. P arises from collisions with container walls. No attractive or repulsive forces between molecules. Collisions elastic. Volume of molecules is negligible.

53

54

Kinetic Molecular Theory

Because we assume molecules are in motion, they have a kinetic energy.

Ave. KE = (1/2)(mass)(ave. speed)2

At the same T, all gases have the same average KE. As T goes up, KE also increases and so does average speed.

KE a T,

1/2 mm2 = CT

(C is a nonspecific constant)

55

Kinetic Molecular Theory

At the same T, all gases have the same average KE. As T goes up, KE also increases and so does speed.

56

Distribution of Molecular Speeds

The equation: 1/2 mm2 = CT becomes 1/2 Mm2 = 3/2RT and Mm2 = 3RT
R = 8.31 J/K mol and M the molar mass kg /mole.

The average speed of molecules, m, can be

calculated if the temperature and molar mass are know. For two gases at the same temperature, the following is true:

MAmA2 = MBmB2

Kinetic Molecular Theory

Expressed by Maxwells equation
m2
3RT M

57

root mean square speed

where m is the speed and M is the molar mass. speed INCREASES with T speed DECREASES with M

Velocity of Gas Molecules

Molecules of a given gas have a range of speeds.

58

Figure 12.18

Distribution of Gas Molecule Speeds

59

60

GAS DIFFUSION AND EFFUSION

An application of KMT Diffusion is the gradual mixing of molecules of different gases. Effusion is the movement of molecules through a small hole into an empty container.

61

GAS DIFFUSION AND EFFUSION

Molecules effuse thru holes in a rubber balloon, for example, at a rate (= moles/time) that is: proportional to T

He

inversely proportional to M.
Therefore, He effuses more rapidly than O2 at same T.

62

GAS DIFFUSION AND EFFUSION

Grahams law governs effusion and diffusion of gas molecules.
Rate for A
Rate for B M of B M of A

Rate of effusion is inversely proportional to its molar mass.

Thomas Graham, 18051869. Professor in Glasgow and London.

Gas Diffusion
relation of mass to rate of diffusion
HCl and NH3 diffuse from opposite ends of tube. Gases meet to form NH4Cl.

63

MHCl > MNH

Therefore, NH4Cl forms closer to HCl end of tube.

Using KMT to Understand Gas Laws

Recall that KMT assumptions are:

64

Gases consist of molecules in constant, random motion.

P arises from collisions with container walls. No attractive or repulsive forces between molecules. Collisions elastic. Volume of molecules is negligible.

Avogadros Hypothesis and Kinetic Molecular Theory

65

Gas Pressure, Temperature, and Kinetic Molecular Theory

66

Boyles Law and Kinetic Molecular Theory

67

Deviations from Ideal Gas Law

Real molecules have volume. There are

68

intermolecular forces.
Otherwise a gas could not become a liquid.
Fig. 12.22

69

Deviations from Ideal Gas Law

Account for volume of molecules and intermolecular forces with VAN DER WAALS EQUATION.
Measured P P + n2 a ----V2 Measured V = V(ideal) V nb nRT
J. van der Waals, 1837-1923, Professor of Physics, Amsterdam. Nobel Prize 1910.

vol. correction intermol. forces

70

Deviations from Ideal Gas Law

Cl2 gas has a = 6.49, b = 0.0562 For 8.0 mol Cl2 in a 4.0 L tank at 27 oC.

P (ideal) = nRT/V = 49.3 atm

P (van der Waals) = 29.5 atm
Measured P P + n2 a ----V2 Measured V = V(ideal) V nb nRT

vol. correction intermol. forces

71

Practice Problems
1. A sample of a gas exerts a pressure of 625 torr in a 300. mL vessel at 25oC. What pressure would this gas sample exert if it were placed in a 500. mL container at 25oC? 2. What would the volume of a gas be at STP if it was found to occupy a volume of 255 mL at 25oC and 650 torr? 3. What volume will 25.0 g of oxygen occupy at 20.oC and a pressure of 0.880 atm?

72

Practice Problems
4. If 2.5 L of hydrogen at STP is reacted with chlorine, how many liters of hydrogen chloride will be produced at 25oC and 1.25 atm? 5. If 45 mL of hydrogen at 25oC and 1.25 atm is reacted with oxygen, how many liters of water will be produced at STP? 6. If 45 mL of oxygen at 25oC and 1.25 atm is reacted with nitrogen oxide, how many grams of nitrogen dioxide will be produced?

73

Practice Problems
7. At 29 oC and 745 mm, 325 mL of oxygen are collected by water displacement. What would be the volume of dry oxygen at STP? 8. The rate of effusion of an unknown gas was determined to be 2.92 times greater than that of ammonia. What is the molecular mass of the unknown gas? 9. A sample of an unknown gas weighing 7.10 g at 741 torr and 44oC occupies a volume of 5.40 L. What is the molar mass of the gas?

Practice Problems
For problems 10-12 2 NO + O2 --> 2 NO2

74

10. How many liters of NO2 at 25oC and 1.0 atm can be produced from 24 g of oxygen?
11. How many liters of NO2 at 20.oC and 1.4 atm can be produced from 6 L of oxygen at STP? 12. How many liters of NO2 at 25oC and 600. mm can be produced from 1.86 L of NO at 50.oC and 720. mm?

75

Practice Problems
13. 2.5 L of a gas at 1.4 atm is changed to 2.1 atm. What is the new volume? 14. 500 mL of nitrogen at 720 torr is compressed to 125 mL. What is the new pressure? 15. 12.5 L of nitrous oxide at 25oC is compressed to 2900 mL. What is the new temperature in oC? 16. A sample of carbon monoxide at 640 torr and 30.oC is heated to 90.oC. What is the new pressure in atm?

76

Practice Problems
17. A 1.25 L expandable container of hydrogen at 25oC and 4.5 atm is changed to 75oC and 3.6 atm. What is the new volume? 18. A balloon containing 45 mL of carbon dioxide at 40oC and 140 torr is heated to 60.oC and the pressure becomes 1.00 atm. What is the new volume? 19. At 25oC and 600. torr a 1.2 L balloon of oxygen is changed to 1500 mL and 1.4 atm. What is the new temperature in oC?

77

Practice Problems Answers

1. 375 torr 3. 21.3 L 5. .052 L 7. 276 mL 9. 35.1 g/mole 11. 9 L 13. 1.7 L 15. -204 oC 17. 1.8 L 19. 390 oC 2. 2.0 x 102 mL 4. 4.4 L 6. .21 g 8. 1.99 g/mole 10. 37 L 12. 2.06 L 14. 3000 torr 16. 1.0 atm 18. 8.8 mL

78

Sample Problems
1. The pressure of 500. mL of a gas at 2.00 atm is increased to 4.00 atm. What is the new volume? P1V1 = P2V2 P1V1 P2 (2.00 atm)(500. mL) = 4.00 atm

V2 =

V2 = 250. mL

79

Sample Problems
2. 355 L of a gas at 850 torr is expanded to 652 L. What is the new pressure in atm? P1V1 = P2V2

P2 =

P1V1 V2

(855 torr)(355 L) 1 atm = 652 L 0.61 atm 760 torr

P2 =

80

Sample Problems
1. The temperature of 462 mL of hydrogen at 45oC is decreased to 25oC. Calculate the new volume. V1 V2 = T1 T2 V2 = T2V1 T1 V2 = =

(298 K)(462 mL)

318 K 433 mL

81

Sample Problems
2. Calculate the temperature in oC of 25.6 mL of oxygen at 148 K if the volume is changed to 1.42 L. V1 V2 = T1 T2 T2 = T1V2 V1 = (148 K)(1.42 L) 0.0256 L 7940 oC

T2 = 8210 K =

82

P and T Law
As temperature increases, pressure increases, at constant V and n. If the Kelvin scale is used, P a T.

P = CdT or

P1 P 2 T1 T2

83

Sample Problems
1. A sample of nitrogen at 1.45 atm and 25oC is compressed to a pressure of 2.14 atm, what is the new temperature in oC?

P1
T1 T2 = T1P2 P1 =

P2
T2

(298 K)(2.14 atm)

1.45 atm 167 oC

T2 = 440. K =

84

Sample Problems
2. A sample of helium at 145 K and 0.780 atm. is cooled to 125 K, what is the new pressure in mm? P1 P2 = T1 T2 T2P1 (125 K)(0.780 atm) 760 mm 145 K 511 mm 1 atm

P2 =

T1
P2 =

85

THE COMBINED GAS LAW

Combining the previous gas laws, produces the Combined Gas Law.

P1 V1 ----------n1 T1

P2 V2 = -----------n2 T2

86

Sample Problems
1. A 25.6 L sample of gas at 25oC and 1.0 atm is changed to 125oC and 0.50 atm. Calculate the new volume.

P1V1
T1 V2 = P1V1T2 T1P2 V2 = = =

P2V2
T2

(1.0 atm)(25.6 L)(398 K)

(298 K)(0.50 atm) 68 L

87

Sample Problems
2. Calculate the new pressure in atm if 25 L of hydrogen at 35oC and 742 torr is compressed to 1200 mL at 45oC. P1V1 T1 P2 = P1V1T2 T1V2 = = P2V2 T2

(742 torr)(25 L)(318 K) 1 atm

(308 K)(1.2 L) P2 = 21 atm 760 torr

88

THE IDEAL GAS LAW

Combining the previous gas laws, produces the Ideal Gas Law.

PV = nRT
where R = 0.0821 L atm/K mol

89

Sample Problems
1. Calculate the pressure of 4.4 mole of oxygen contained in a 42.8 L sample at 25oC?

PV = nRT
P=
nRT V =

(4.4 mol)(0.0821 L atm/mole K)(298 K)

42.8 L

P =

2.5 atm

90

Sample Problems
2. Calculate the volume of 2.14 moles of neon at 35oC and 425 mm.

PV = nRT
V=
nRT

(2.14 mol)(0.0821 Latm/mol K)(308 K)

P
V =

(425/760) atm
96. 8 L

91

MOLAR VOLUME at STP

One mole of gas occupies 22.4 L at STP, and is called the standard molar volume or the molar volume at standard conditions (SC or STP).

92

Sample Problems
1. Calculate the volume of 12.0 g of fluorine at STP?

12.0 g

Mole 38.0 g

22.4 L mole

7.07 L

93

Sample Problems
2. What is the mass of 14,500 mL of hydrogen at STP?

14.5 L

mole 22.4 L

2.0 g

1.3 g

mole

COMBINED vs. IDEAL GAS LAW

A sample of 6.9 moles of carbon monoxide gas is present in a container which has a volume of 30.4 L. What is the pressure of the gas if the temperature is 62oC?

94

The volume of a sample of hydrogen gas is 5.80 L measured at 1.00 atm and 25oC. What is the pressure of the gas if the volume is changed to 9.65 L? (0.601 atm)

(6.2 atm)

95

Gases and Stoichiometry

These problems are worked the same as any stoichiometry problem. For example:

9.82 L of nitrogen at STP will produce how many liters of ammonia at STP?
3 H2 + N2 --> 2 NH3

96

1. 9.82 L of nitrogen at STP will produce how many liters of ammonia at STP?

STEP 1
Write the balanced chemical equation. 3 H2 + N2 --> 2 NH3

97

STEP 2
Write the given and requested information below the equation.

3 H2

N2 --> 9.82 L

2 NH3 ?L

98

STEP 3
Calculate using the information.
3 H2 + N2 --> 9.82 L 2 NH3 ?L

9.82 L N2 mole N2 22.4 L N2

2 mole NH3 22.4 L NH3 mole N2 mole NH3

Or
9.82 L N2 2 L NH3
1 L N2 = 19.6 L NH3

2. 9.82 L of nitrogen at and 2.0 atm will produce how many liters of ammonia at 0oC and 2.0 atm?
3 H2 + N2 --> 9.82 L 2 NH3 ?L

0oC

99

273 K, 2.0 atm 273 K, 2.0 atm

9.82 L N2 mole N2

2 mole NH3
mole N2

? L NH3
mole NH3

Or

? L N2

9.82 L N2 2 L NH3 1 L N2

19.6 L NH3

3. 9.82 L of nitrogen at and 2.0 atm will produce how many liters of ammonia at 25oC and 1.0 atm?
3 H2 N2 --> 2 NH3 9.82 L ?L 273 K, 2.0 atm 298 K, 1.0 atm = 19.6 L NH3
at 273 K, 2.0 atm

0oC

100

9.82 L N2 2 L NH3

1 L N2

Using the Combined Gas Law = 43 L NH3 at 298 K, 1.0 atm

4. 9.82 L of nitrogen at and 1.0 atm will produce how many grams of ammonia?
3 H2 + N2 --> 9.82 L 2 NH3 ?g

0oC

101

273 K, 1.0 atm 9.82 L N2 1 mole N2 2 mole NH3 17.0 g NH3 mole NH3

22.4 L N2 1 mole N2 = 14.9 g NH3

5. 34.0 g of nitrogen will produce how many liters of ammonia at 25oC and 2.0 atm?
3 H2 + N2 --> 34.0 g 2 NH3 ?L

102

298 K, 2.0 atm

34.0 g N2 1 mole N2
28.0 N2

2 mole NH3
1 mole N2 = 2.43 mole NH3

Using the Ideal Gas Law = 29.7 L NH3 at 298 K, 2.0 atm

103

Sample Problems
1. A mixture of 2.50 moles neon, 1.45 moles helium, and 2.80 moles argon has a pressure of 1.45 atm. What is the partial pressure of neon?
2.50 mole Ne 6.75 mole total

PNe =

X 1.45 atm = 0.537 atm

104

Sample Problems
2. If 425 mL of hydrogen is collected over water at 25oC and 755.0 torr, calculate the volume of dry hydrogen at STP.
wet H2 dry H2 at STP

V=
T= P=
*(P

425 mL
298 K 731.2 torr*

? mL
273 K 760 torr

= 755.0 - 23.8 torr)

105

Sample Problems
2.
V= T= P=
*(P

wet H2 425 mL 298 K 731.2 torr*

dry H2 at STP ? mL 273 K 760 torr

= 755.0 - 23.8 torr)

Using the Combined Gas Law = 375 mL H2

106

Sample Problems
1. Determine the density of carbon dioxide at 375 K and 5.0 atm.

(5.0 atm)(44.0 g/mole)

d=

(0.0821 L atm/mole K)(375 K)

= 7.1 g/L