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28
Noise Figure (NF)
Noise factor= SNRin / SNRout
Noise figure=10lg(Noise factor)
The noise figure of a noiseless system is
equal to 0 dB
The typical NF of receiver is less than
12 dB
29
Sensitivity:
The minimum signal level that the
system can detect with acceptable
performance
a function of the bandwidth
30
Dynamic Range (DR):
The ratio of the maximum input level
that the system can tolerate to the
minimum input level that the system
provides a reasonable signal quality
The definition is quantified in different
applications differently
31
Summary
The concepts of memoryless,
Time-invariance, linearity
Effects of nonlinearity
Harmonics
Gain compression
Desensitization and Blocking
Intermodulation
32
Summary (cont.):
NF 12 dB
IIP3 17 dBm
DR 100 dB
AIIP3 A1-dB+10dB
Blocking level: 60~70 dB
33
Contents:
1. Introduction
2. Basic concepts
3. Radio transceiver architectures
4. Amplifiers
5. Mixers
6. Oscillators
7. Modulation and Demodulation
34
Radio transceiver architectures:
General considerations
Radio receiver architectures
Radio transmitter architectures
35
Radio transceiver architectures:
General considerations
Radio receiver architectures
Radio transmitter architectures
36
Radio receiver block diagram:
BPF
RF IF
Amplifier
Antenna
LNA
LO
BPF
Mixer
BPF: Band-Pass Filter
LNA: Low-Noise Amplifier
LO : Local Oscillator
37
Radio transmitter block diagram:
BPF
IF RF
HPA
Antenna
Amplifier
LO
Mixer
BPF: Band-Pass Filter
HPA: High-Power Amplifier
LO : Local Oscillator
38
Band & Channel:
f
Receive
band
Desired
channel
f
BPF
LNA
39
Band selection
Channel selection
front-end BPF only select the band of
interest , postponing channel selection
to some other point in the receiver
Band selection & Channel selection:
40
Radio transceiver architectures:
General considerations
Radio receiver architectures
Radio transmitter architectures
41
Radio receiver architectures:
Superheterodyne architecture
Direct-conversion architecture
42
Superheterodyne architecture:
BPF1 BPF2
Mixer
t f V
RF RF
t 2 cos
t f V
LO LO
t 2 cos
LNA
IF amplifier
RF
IF
43
Basic blockings:
BPF1: band selection
BPF2: channel selection
Mixer: down conversion mixing
fIF=fLO - fRF
LNA: providing enough gain
IF amplifier: amplify IF signal
44
The advantages of
superheterodyne architecture:
fIF<<fRF , channel selection easy
fIF<<fRF , A/D conversion easy
RF, IF, Baseband sections can amplify
received signal 100 ~ 200 dB together
45
Problem of image:
Mixer is not a ideal multiplier
Mixer is a nonlinearity device
Image frequency
Desired channel
Image
f
f
fRF fim
fLO
fIF fIF
46
Problem of image (cont.):
BPF
t f
LO
t 2 cos
mixer
f
fIF
Desired channel
Image
f
f
fRF fim
fLO
fIF fIF
47
Image-reject filter:
f f1 fim
2fIF
Image reject
filter
Image
reject filter
LNA
t f
LO
t 2 cos
mixer
48
The choice of IF:
fIF higher, sensitivity better
fIF lower , selectivity better
49
A question:
Why the RF spectrum is not simply
translated to the baseband in the first
downconversion
50
Direct-conversion (zero-IF)
architecture:
LPF
f
mixer
f
LNA
0
f1
t f
1
2 cos t
LPF
LNA
t f
1
2 cos t
LPF
(a)
t f
1
2 sin t
(b)
Baseband
I
Baseband
Q
LPF: Low-Pass Filter
LNA: Low-Noise Amplifier
51
The advantages of
direct-conversion architecture:
fIF = 0 , no image-reject filter is required
Be easily realized by integrated circuit
52
The disadvantages of
direct-conversion architecture:
DC offsets
LO leakage
Flicker noise
I/Q mismatch
53
Radio transceiver architectures:
General considerations
Radio receiver architectures
Radio transmitter architectures
54
Radio transmitter architectures:
Direct-conversion architecture
Two-step architecture
55
Direct-conversion architecture:
Matching
Network
Power
amplifier
Baseband
I
Baseband
Q
t f
c
t 2 cos
t f
c
t 2 sin
antenna
56
Direct-conversion architecture
(cont.):
Modulation and upconversion in the
same circuit
Matching network
Baseband signal is strong
The noise of the mixers is not critical
57
The disadvantage of
Direct-conversion architecture:
LO pulling
Power
amplifier
I
Q
LO
BPF
f fLO
LO: Local Oscillator
58
Two-step architectures:
Baseband
I
Baseband
Q
t f
1
2 sin t
t f
1
2 cos t BPF BPF
f
f1+f2
t f
2
2 cos t
Power
amplifier
59
Summary:
Basic blocks of transceivers
antenna
filter
mixer
oscillator
amplifier
Band & Channel
60
Summary (cont.):
Superheterodyne receiver
Image frequency
Direct-conversion receiver
Direct-conversion transmitter
LO pulling
Two-step transmitter
61
Contents:
1. Introduction
2. Basic concepts
3. Radio transceiver architectures
4. Amplifiers
5. Mixers
6. Oscillators
7. Modulation and Demodulation
62
Function of amplifiers:
Make signals bigger
Small signal in
Big signal out
Amplifier
63
Classification of amplifiers:
High-Power Amplifiers (HPA)
Low-Noise Amplifiers (LNA)
Other special amplifiers
64
Position of HPA:
BPF
IF RF
HPA
Antenna
Amplifier
LO
Mixer
BPF: Band-Pass Filter
HPA: High-Power Amplifier
LO : Local Oscillator
radio transmitter architecture
65
Function of HPA:
Delivering RF power to antenna
efficiently
66
HPA characteristics:
Output power
Efficiency
Power-Added Efficiency (PAE)
dc
in
PAE
P
P P
PAE
= =
out
q
67
Position of LNA:
BPF
RF IF
Amplifier
Antenna
LNA
LO
BPF
Mixer
BPF: Band-Pass Filter
LNA: Low-Noise Amplifier
LO : Local Oscillator
radio receiver architecture
68
LNA characteristics:
Enough gain
As little noise as possible
Large dynamic range
69
Typical LNA characteristics:
NF 2dB
IIP3 -10dBm
Gain 15dB
70
Other special amplifier:
Variable Gain Amplifier (VGA)
Small signal in Big signal out
VGA
71
Summary:
High-Power Amplifiers (HPA)
Low-Noise Amplifiers (LNA)
Other special amplifiers
VGA
72
Contents:
1. Introduction
2. Basic concepts
3. Radio transceiver architectures
4. Amplifiers
5. Mixers
6. Oscillators
7. Modulation and Demodulation
73
Functions of mixers:
Frequency translation
Up-conversion
Down-conversion
74
Position of mixer:
BPF
RF IF
Amplifier
Antenna
LNA
LO
BPF
Mixer
BPF: Band-Pass Filter
LNA: Low-Noise Amplifier
LO : Local Oscillator
radio receiver architecture
75
Mixers fundamentals:
The core of all mixers is a multiplication
of two signals in the time domain
| | t f f t f f
AB
t f B t f A ) ( 2 cos ) ( 2 cos
2
) 2 cos )( 2 cos (
2 1 2 1 2 1
+ + = t t t t
fRF
fLO
fIF
76
Implementation of mixers
VRF
VLO
S1
VIF
RL
77
Passive mixers:
Not providing any gain
A higher linearity and speed
Application in microwave and
base station circuits
VRF
VIF
RL
VLO
M1
78
Active mixers:
Providing some gain
Be widely used in RF systems
79
Conversion gain:
The ratio of the voltage of the IF signal to
the voltage of the RF signal
Approximately 10 dB
80
Noise figure of mixer:
Single-sideband noise figure (SSB NF)
Double-sideband noise figure (DSB NF)
SSB NF = DSB NF + 3 dB
SSB NF : 10 ~15 dB
81
Port-to-port isolation:
To minimize interaction among the RF,IF,
and LO ports
The required isolation levels greatly
depend on the environment in which the
mixer is utilized
82
Summary:
Frequency translation
The core of all mixers is a multiplication
of two signals in the time domain
Implementation of mixer
Passive / Active mixer
83
Summary (cont.):
Typical mixer characteristics:
SSB NF 10-15dB
IIP3 5dBm
Gain 10dB
Port-to-port isolation 10-20dB
84
Summary:
1. Introduction
2. Basic concepts
3. Radio transceiver architectures
4. Amplifiers
5. Mixers
6. Oscillators
7. Modulation and Demodulation
85
Question and Answer
86
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