Embedded Systems

By Sushant Kumar

Structure of the seminar

Introduction
History of embedded systems Characteristics Embedded systems for meters

Introduction
Part 1

What is an Embedded System ?

An embedded system is a special-purpose computer system designed to perform a dedicated function

An Embedded system

A generic embedded system

Why Embedded system ?

Performance

Technology Advances
CMOS VLSI dominates older technologies (TTL, ECL)

Computer architecture improvements

RISC, superscalar, RAID,

Price

Simpler development
CMOS VLSI: smaller systems, fewer components

Higher volumes
CMOS VLSI : same device cost 10,000 vs. 10,000,000

units

Embedded system

vs

General Computer

Performs one or a few pre-defined tasks

Very specific requirements Task-specific hardware and mechanical parts Often mass-produced Design engineers can optimize it

Embedded System
Microprocessor Micro controller

Micro controllers have built in peripherals and memory

which reduces the size of the system

Application Areas
Signal processing systems

Distributed control

Real-time video, DVD players, Medical equipment. Network routers, switches, firewalls, Mobile phones, home appliances, toys, smartcards, MP3 players, PDAs, digital cameras, sensors, pc keyboard & mouse Engine control unit ABS systems (Anti Lock Brake systems) Emissions control Diagnostics and Security systems Accessories (doors, windows etc)

Small systems

Modern cars: Up to 100 or more processors

History of Embedded Systems

Part 2

Apollo Guidance computer

The Apollo Guidance Computer, the first recognizable modern embedded system developed by Charles Stark Draper at the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory

Minuteman Missile

1966

First mass-produced embedded system Autonetics D-17 guidance computer Built from transistor logic Reduced prices on nand gate ICs from

$1000/each to $3/each

Medicinal appliances Avionics, such as inertial guidance systems, flight control systems Cellular telephones and telephone switches Home automation products

Other developments
First Microprocessor Intel 4004 Required external memory and support chips cost of a microcontroller fell below $1 By mid 1980s micro controllers came into existence

By the end of the 80s, embedded systems were the norm rather than the exception

Moores law

Characteristics of Embedded Systems

Part 2

Characteristics of Embedded Systems

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Interface Complexity Platform Peripherals Tools Reliability Volume

1. Interface
Interface
No User Interface
Dedicated to one Task

Full User Interface Performing userdefined

Missile guidance system

PDAs

2. Complexity
Complexity
Simple systems Use buttons,small character/ digit-only displays simple menu system Complex systems Connected to a network Touch screen Real time constraints Part of a critical operation

3. CPU Platform
Many different CPU architectures used in embedded designs such as ARM, MIPS, x86, PIC, 8051 etc
Desktop computer market is limited to just a few architectures

CPU Platform
PC/104 is a typical base for small, lowvolume embedded system design. Uses an embedded real-time operating system such as MicroC/OS-II, QNX or VxWorks

CPU Platform
Very-high-volume embedded systems use the system on a chip (SoC), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC)
CPU core was purchased and added as part of the chip design.

4. Peripherals
Serial Communication Interfaces Universal Serial Bus (USB) Networks: Ethernet, Controller Area Network Timers: PLL(s), Capture/Compare and Time Processing Units General Purpose Input/Output (GPIO) Analog to Digital/Digital to Analog (ADC/DAC)

5. Tools
Embedded system designers use compilers, assemblers, and debuggers Utilities to add a checksum or CRC to a program Emulator replaces the microprocessor with a simulated equivalent

6. Reliability issues
System cannot be shut down for repair
Solutions involve subsystems with spares

system must be kept running for safety and monetary reasons

7. Volume
Volume
High Volume Minimizing cost is usually the primary design consideration Low Volume Used when cost is not a major factor Performance and reliability constraints

Embedded systems for Meters

Part 4

Electric power consumption

Electric power consumption is not constant whole day Peak period is between 1 pm and 4 pm System must be engineered to meet peak power

Limitations of the meter

Mechanical device Prone to wear,shock Maintains no record of time Only Counts the number of rotations of the wheel

Demand Curve

Real power limitation

Ideally current and voltage are in phase Every volt-ampere delivered becomes a watt of power used Induction motors and lamp ballasts cause current to flow out of phase Fewer actual watts are used than delivered

Ideal power curve

When current and voltage are not inphase

Power factor penalty

Industrial customers must by contract maintain power factor Power factor=Ratio of real power used to volt amperes delivered Pay penalty if above some agreed upon values

Multi function meter

Extend for smaller commercial customer
Even for residences Contract can be varied

Billing
Networked system can facilitate automation No need to send personnel Better accuracy and lesser burden

Design Fundamentals
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Means of taking samples Display Communication subsystem Non-volatile memory Power supply Stored program micro-controller

Hardware design

Choosing a micro-controller
Feature set Code space Data Space Data converter Real-time clock

Conclusion
A quiet revolution is in progress in the utility industry. Static metering devices, have been in use for the better part of a century Gradually being replaced with multirate, multifunction meters Capable of more accurately accounting for utility usage.

References
www.maxim-ic.com www.electronicsforu.com www.refdesign.techonline.com www.wikipedia.org www.powerelectronics.com www.ucpros.com www.pdfserv.maxim-ic.com

For detailed report

www.sushantkumar.wordpress.com/tech

Thank You