Basics of Malaria Transmission

Malaria Transmission Cycle

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Malaria: Epidemiological Triangle

Environment

Analogy: Development of pathogens in insect vectors is affected by climatic conditions

females

Culicine Anopheline

Comparison of male and female Anophelines vs. Culicines

males

Distribution of vectors of malaria in India

Spatial extension of vectors may be affected; Role of An. subpictus and An Annularis need to be assessed

MALARIA Parasites
Plasmodium vivax* Plasmodium falciparum* Plasmodium ovale Plasmodium malariae

* most common

Environment

Relationship of Temp. & RH with Malaria Parasite and Mosquito Development

Minimum temp. for parasite development Optimum temp.
Maximum temp. for mosquito survival

10 11 12 13

14 15 16 17 18 19

25 26 27

40 oC

Relative Humidity 40 60 70 80

Minimum T required for transmission P vivax: 14.5-16 C P falciparum:16-18 C

Effect of Rise in Temperature on Disease Vectors

Rate of development (from egg to adults) will be faster Rate of digestion of blood meal will be faster. Frequency of feeding will be faster Frequency of egg laying will increase. Density of mosquitoes will increase. Survival affected by RH. Gonotrophic cycle and Longevity for sporogony reduced at higher temperature Death of mosquitoes at 40C
Gonotrophic cycle, daily survival and man biting rates are crucial factors for vectorial capacity of vectors

Climatic Determinants for P. vivax Development and Transmission

Categories Temperature Relative No. of days range (oC) Humidity to develop (%) 15-20 >60 and <80 20+5 days
20-25 25-30 >60 and <80 15+ 5 days >60 and <80 8+2 days

Class I
Class II Class III

Average duration of sporogony of human Plasmodia

Parasite species No of days required for sporogony at different temperatures 200 C 250 C 12-14 9-10 23-24 15-16 22-23 16-17 30-35 -

P falciparum P vivax P malariae P ovale

At 16 C , 55 days are required for completion of sporogony

Coupling of Three Models

Transmission of malaria in Human Transmission of malaria in Vector population Modeling the pre imago stages of Vector.

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Classification of Human population

Suceptible (HUS) Infectious (HUI) Infected (HUF) Immune (HUM)
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Transmission of Malaria in host population ()

= + = []( +)
() = [] + , () = +

VC= Vectoral Capacity kin= Primary exo erythrocytic schizogony (days) ker= Erythrocytic Scizoghony (days)
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Susceptible Human Population

Birth rate Immunity Death Rate

VC

VC

Infected Human Population

Death Rate
time-(ker+kin)

Infectious Human Population

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time-(ker+kin)

Death Rate
Recovery rate
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Classification of vector population

Susceptible (VS) Infectious (VI) Infected (VF)

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Susceptible Vector Population

Emergence rate from Pupa Death Rate

Mosquitoes which have bitten infectious Human
Mosquitoes which have bitten infectious Human.

Infected Vector Population

Death Rate

Time taken for sporogonic cycle

Infectious Vector Population

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Time taken for sporogonic cycle

Death Rate

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Transmission of Malaria in Vector population

() = + _ () = _ + , () = +

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Dynamics of Pre Imago stages

() = _ [( + + ) ] () = ,
()

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