APUSH UNIT 6

IMPERIALISM PROGRESSIVEISM WORLD WAR I U.S. DURING THE WAR THE END OF THE WAR

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Roots of Expansion

Diplomacy in the Gilded Age

In the 1880s the United States had a population of 50 million and was the second leading industrialist nation in the world While the civil war put the U.S. in opposition to France and England, during the Gilded age, the U.S. became inward-focused and Isolationist. U.S. purchased Alaska in 1867 from Russia referred to as Sewards folly. President Cleveland stopped the American take over of Hawaiis sugar plantations, claiming it was violating Americas stance as non-interventionist
As American economy surged, companies built factories over seas Needed to export goods to balance the foreign debt. Most goods went to Europe or Canada non western markets were seen for future growth

Economic Expansion

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Creation of U.S. foreign policy

Captain Mahans The Influence of Seapower upon history (1890) argued that control of the seas meant strong international power. Argued for a route between the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean. In 1890 there was funding given for three navy ships in development of the two ocean navy. The U.S. challenged the British in a dispute concerning the border between Venezuela and British Guiana promising it would use force to protect its interests

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Sources of Imperialist Ideology

Social Darwinism If the U.S. wants to survive, it will need to expand. Anglo-Saxon race superior- with great power comes great responsibility (Kiplings White Mans Burden) A new Manifest Destiny Strain (John Fiske) develops, suggesting every nation should be English in language, religion, and customs. Turner Thesis suggested that as the American frontier closed, interests would turn outward, and across seas.

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Key Events & Battles: Spanish-American War
Event/Battle Date Location Significance Cuban towns turned into concentration camps, rebels are tortured. Newspaper publishers Pulitzer and Hearst print sensational stories to boost circulation. This came to be known as the "Yellow Press." Two campaign promises: 1) Protect American business and 2) Free the Cuban people. Dupuy de Lome had written that Pres. McKinley was "...weak...and a would-be politician..." He resigns, though American people are angered. 260 American sailors killed after mysterious explosion. Yellow Press call for war against Spain ("Remember the Maine"), offer rewards for proof of Spanish plot. Roosevelt tells Dewey to attack Spanish fleet in the Philippines if war broke out between U.S. and Spain. Although Spain agrees to all American demands, McKinley tells Congress that God has told him to attack the Spanish forces. In just seven hours, the entire Spanish Asian fleet is sunk. U.S. suffers one death. Roosevelt achieves heroic stature for leading men (sans horses) up hill overlooking Santiago Harbor. Every Spanish warship is sunk as fleet tries to run to open sea.

Spanish send Valeriano ("Butcher") Weyler to Cuba to put February 1895 Cuba down Cuban rebellion
McKinley elected president November 1896 U.S.

Negotiations between Spain and U.S. break down after insulting February 9, letter from Spanish ambassador is 1898 published U.S.S. Maine blows up February 15, 1898

New York Journal

Havana Harbor

Assistant Secretary Theodore February 25, Roosevelt orders Admiral Dewey 1898 to prepare for Asian war McKinley asks Congress to declare April 11, 1898 war
Dewey sinks Spanish fleet May 1, 1898

Washington, D.C.

Washington, D.C. Manila Bay Santiago, Cuba Off southern Cuban coast

Roosevelt's Rough Riders take San June 1898 Juan Hill Americans destroy Spanish July 3, 1898 Caribbean fleet U.S.-Filipino War

1898-July 1902 Philippine Islands

Led by Emilio Aguinaldo, Filipinos fought Americans for independence. Effort fails and Philippines stay under American control until captured by Japan in 1942.

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Significance of the Spanish American War

385 American Battle Deaths Several thousand deaths from diseased and poisoned meat Cost: 250,000,000 U.S. acquires Guam, Puerto Rico, Philippian Islands, for 20 million Dollars Anti imperialists angered at anti-democratic industrial procedures Teller amendment guaranteed eventual Self-rule to Cubans

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Filipino Insurrection
U.S. Didnt want Spanish, U.S. colonial, or complete Filipino control of the Philippines Treaty of Paris said that U.S. pay $20 million for Philippines and anti-imperialists claimed we should not buy out alien peoples A war between U.S. soldiers and Filipino insurgents broke out U.S. uses concentration camps to control them. In 1916 the Jones Act was committed to giving the Philippines their independence. This did not happen until Japanese surrender in 1945

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Teddy Roosevelt on the World stage

T.Rs motto Speak softly and carry a Big Stick (especially a big navy) T.R. helped Panama be free from Colombia and authorized the building of the Panama Canal. Congress was split. Canal completed in 1914 T.R.s Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine Unrestricted rights to completely control the Caribbean. Great White Fleet T.Rs way to intimidate the Japanese to remind them whos boss.

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Open Door Policy in Asia

In 1890 Sec. Of State John Hay sent open door note claiming that America had right to equal trade with China Open Door Policy. Boxer Rebellion The U.S. joined with European forces to end the Chinese Boxers attack on U.S. foreign Embassies in Perking. Pres. Taft uses Dollar diplomacy to counter Japanese power in Asia, though when the Chinese revolution of 1911 overthrew the Manchu Dynasty, The U.S. supported the nationalists and entered a rivalry with Japan. Boxer Rebellion The Boxers (secret Chinese martial art group) launched a revolt against foreigners. Climax at the diplomatic corps, which took refuge in the British embassy in Perking. The Imperial powers (including U.S.) were sent in and saved them.

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Opposing Dollar diplomacy as a bullying tactic, and unfairly supporting American Businesses, Wilson insisted that U.S. foreign policy should follow democratic ideals.

Following the Overthrow of Mexicos dictator Diaz, by Madera, who was murdered in 1913, Wilson refused to recognize Huertas government. The U.S. began to support Huertas opponent, Carranza, and occupied Vera Cruz. Carranzas rival, Pancho Villa, raided across the New Mexico border, Causing Wilson to send troops led by Pershing into Mexico to capture Villa, which they never did.

Moral Diplomacy The belief (Wilson) that we should assist nations with similar democratic ideals by fighting those without those Ideals

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Hawaii