5.1.

3 Dynamics

Saturday, 27 July 2013

You should be able to: (a) demonstrate an understanding that mass is the property of a body which resists change in motion. (b) define and use the equation density = mass/volume. (c) recall and use the equation F = ma, in situations where mass is constant, appreciating that force and acceleration are always in the same direction. (d) define the newton. (e) describe and use the concept of weight as the effect of a gravitational field on a mass. (f) recall and use the relationship weight = mass x

gravitational field strength.

(g) describe qualitatively the motion of bodies falling in a uniform gravitational field with fluid resistance.

How is Mass different from Weight?

Mass Weight
The mass of an object refers to The weight of an object is the the amount of matter that is force of gravity acting upon that contained by the object. object. Mass is related to "how much stuff is there. Weight is related to the pull of the Earth (or any other planet).

The mass of an object Weight changes according to (measured in kg) will be the same the gravitational field no matter where in the universe that object is located.

Mass and Inertia

Newtons First Law of Motion states that "An object at rest tends to stay at rest and an object in motion tends to stay in the same state of motion unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. " Objects "tend to keep on doing what they're doing." This tendency to resist changes in their state of motion is described as inertia.

Newton and Galileo

The dominant thought prior to Newton's day was that it was the natural tendency of objects to come to a rest position; a force was necessary to keep an object moving. Galileo, before Newton, developed the concept of inertia. Galileo reasoned that moving objects eventually stop because of a force called friction. Homework activity:

Research how Galileo developed the concept of inertia. (Use keywords Galileo, inertia and friction in a web search.)

Imagine a place in the cosmos far from all gravitational and frictional influences. Suppose that an astronaut in that place throws a rock. The rock will:
According to Newton's first law, the rock will continue in motion in the same direction at constant speed.

a) gradually stop. b) continue in motion in the same direction at constant speed.

A 0.5 kg object is moving horizontally with a speed of 4 m/s. How much net force is required to keep the object moving at this speed and in this direction?

Answer: 0 N An object in motion will maintain its state of motion. The presence of an unbalanced force changes the velocity of the object.

Mac and Tosh are arguing in the cafeteria.

Mac says that if he flings his jelly with a greater speed it will have a greater inertia. Tosh argues that inertia does not depend upon speed, but rather upon mass. Who do you agree with ? Explain why. Tosh is correct. Inertia is that quantity which depends solely upon mass. The more mass, the more inertia. Momentum is another quantity in Physics which depends on both mass and speed. Momentum will be studied later.

Supposing you were in space in a weightless environment, would it require a force to set an object in motion?

Yes! Even in space objects have mass; and if they have mass, they have inertia. That is, an object in space resists changes in its state of motion. A force must be applied to set a stationary object in motion. Newton's laws rule - everywhere!

Mr. Simpson spends most Sunday afternoons at rest on the sofa, watching football games and consuming large quantities of food and beer. What effect (if any) does this practice have upon his inertia? Explain.

Mr. Simpson's inertia will increase! Mr. Simpson will increase his mass if he makes a habit of this; and if his mass increases, then his inertia increases.

Ben Tooclose is being chased through the woods by a huge moose which he was attempting to photograph. The enormous mass of the bull moose is extremely intimidating. Yet, if Ben makes a zigzag pattern through the woods, he will be able to use the large mass of the moose to his own advantage. Explain this in terms of inertia and Newton's first law of motion. The large mass of the bull moose means that the bull moose has a large inertia. Thus, Ben can more easily change his own state of motion (make quick changes in direction) while the moose has extreme difficulty changing its state of motion. Physics for better living!

Two bricks are resting on edge of the lab table. Shirley Sheshort stands on her toes and spots the two bricks. She acquires an intense desire to know which of the two bricks are most massive. Since Shirley is vertically challenged, she is unable to reach high enough and lift the bricks; she can however reach high enough to give the bricks a push. Discuss how the process of pushing the bricks will allow Shirley to determine which of the two bricks is most massive. What difference will Shirley observe and how can this observation lead to the necessary conclusion? The bricks, like any object, possess inertia. That is, the bricks will resist changes in their state of motion. If Shirley gives them a push, then the bricks will offer resistance to this push. The one with the most mass will be the one with the most inertia; this will be the brick which offers the most resistance. This very method of detecting the mass of an object can be used on Earth as well as in locations where gravitational forces are negligible for bricks.

Density, Mass and Volume

If each ball has the same mass, which box would weigh more? Why? The box that has more balls has more mass. This property of matter is called density.

Density= Mass Volume

Density is the amount of matter held in a unit of volume. It is usually measured in kg/m3 or g/cm3.

Simple questions
What is the density ? 1. Mass = 79.4 grams Volume=29.8 cm3. 2. Mass= 25.4 grams Volume=29.8 cm3. What are the materials ?
Material 1 Density = m/v = 79.4/29.8 = 2.66g/cm^3 (Aluminium)

Material 2
Density = m/v = 25.4/29.8 = 0.85 g/cm^3 (oak wood)

Newtons Second Law

Imagine pushing a shopping trolley. Is a full trolley harder to push than an empty one ? Would doubling the mass of the trolley make twice as hard to push ?

If you pushed it twice as hard would it go faster ? Would it go twice as fast ? Is the speed proportional to the force applied ?

Newtons Second Law

Newton's Second Law of Motion states: The Rate of change of momentum is proportional to the total force acting on a body, and occurs in the direction of the force.

An object of mass, m, is pushed with a constant force, F, so that its velocity increases from an initial value, u, to a final value, v, in time, t. Change in momentum Force Time t m(v - u ) F t Now acceleration, a = (v- u) t F ma F=kma

mv - mu F

( k is a constant)

Make sure you use the right units: Force in N, Mass in kg, Acceleration in m/s2.

A 70 kg athlete accelerates to her maximum speed of 9.5 m/s in a time of 2.5 s. What is the average force she applies to the track? Work out the acceleration first: v = u + at 9.5 = 0 + (a x 2.5) a = 9.5 2.5 = 3.8 m/s2 Now Use F = ma F = 70 x 3.8 = 266 N

A locomotive of mass 100 tonnes is hauling a train of wagons of mass 1200 tonnes with a pulling force of 180 kN. What is the acceleration of the train?
First of all do the conversions: mass of the locomotive = 100 x 1000 = 100 000 kg mass of the train = 1200 x 1000 = 1 200 000 kg pulling force = 180 000 N Now find the total mass of the train: Mass = mass of locomotive + mass of wagons mass = 100 000 kg + 1 200 000 kg = 1 300 000 kg Now use F = ma 180 000 N = 1 300 000 x a a = 180 000 = 0.14 m/s2 1 300 000

The Newton
The newton (symbol: N) is the SI unit of force, named after Sir Isaac Newton. It is defined as the amount of force required to accelerate a mass of one kilogram at a rate of one metre per second per second. The newton is a derived unit, comprising kg m s-2.

Since weight is the force acting between two objects due to gravity, the newton is also the unit of weight. A mass of one kilogram near the Earth's surface has a weight of approximately 9.81 newtons.
Rather fittingly, given the story about Newton's discovery of gravity, one newton is about the mass of a small apple.

What is Weight ?
This astronaut is weightless. However he is still in the Earths gravitational field. He is orbiting the Earth and is continuously falling towards it. He does not feel weight because there is nothing holding him up from the Earth.

You feel your weight when you sit on a seat that holds you up against the pull of the Earth.
Weight is experienced when an object is prevented from falling to the Earth.

Weight
The weight of an object (measured in Newtons) will vary according to where in the universe the object is.

Weight depends upon which planet is exerting the force and the distance the object is from the planet. Weight is dependent upon the value of g (acceleration of gravity). On Earth's surface, g is 9.81 m/s2. On the moon's surface, g is 1.7 m/s2. Go to another planet, and there will be another g value. Also g decreases with the distance from the center of the planet. If g were measured at a distance of 400 km above the earth's surface, you would find the value of g to be less than 9.8 m/s2.

Complete the following table showing the relationship between mass and weight.

Object Mass (kg) Melon 1 Apple Pat Eatladee 25 Fred

Weight (N)
0.98 980

Complete the following table showing the relationship between mass and weight.

Object Mass (kg) Melon 1 Apple 0.1 Pat Eatladee 25 Fred 100

Weight (N) 9.8 0.98 245 980

The weight of an object is defined as the force of gravity on the object and may be calculated as the mass times the acceleration due to gravity, w = mg.

At the Earth's surface, g=9.81 m/s2

How to feel Weightless

Free Fall Galileo, the elephant and the feather.

(Actually he used a large and a small object.)
TRUE or FALSE: The elephant and the feather each have the same force of gravity. The elelphant has more mass, yet both elephant and feather experience the same force of gravity. The elephant experiences a greater force of gravity, yet both the elephant and the feather have the same mass. On earth, all objects (whether an elephant or a feather) have the same force of gravity. The elephant weighs more than the feather, yet they each have the same mass. The elephant clearly has more mass than the feather, yet they each weigh the same. The elephant clearly has more mass than the feather, yet the amount of gravity (force) is the same for each. The elephant has the greatest acceleration, yet the amount of gravity is the same for each.

Assume there is no air resistance.

All objects (regardless of their mass) experience the same acceleration when in a state of free fall. When the only force is gravity, the acceleration is the same value for all objects. What about air resistance? Isn't it non-realistice to ignore the influence of air resistance upon the two object? In the presence of air resistance, the elephant is sure to fall faster.

TRUE or FALSE: The elephant encounters a smaller force of air resistance than the feather and therefore falls faster. The elephant has a greater acceleration of gravity than the feather and therefore falls faster. Both elephant and feather have the same force of gravity, yet the acceleration of gravity is greatest for the elephant. Both elephant and feather have the same force of gravity, yet the feather experiences a greater air resistance. Each object experiences the same amount of air resistance, yet the elephant experiences the greatest force of gravity. Each object experiences the same amount of air resistance, yet the feather experiences the greatest force of gravity. The feather weighs more than the elephant, and therefore will not accelerate as rapidly as the elephant. Both elephant and feather weigh the same amount, yet the greater mass of the feather leads to a smaller acceleration. The elephant experiences less air resistance and than the feather and thus reaches a larger terminal velocity. The feather experiences more air resistance than the elephant and thus reaches a smaller terminal velocity. The elephant and the feather encounter the same amount of air resistance, yet the elephant has a greater terminal velocity.

Watch the animation of a skydiver below.

Look at what happens at different stages.

Write an explanation of what is happening, ensuring you describe all the forces and the acceleration and how they change.