Professional Documents
Culture Documents
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
% 25 % 100
2
2
1
% 100
) (
) (
= = =
CQ CEQ
CQ CEQ
dc i
ac o
I V
I V
P
P
q
Limitation
Example
Calculate the input power [P
i
(dc)], output power [P
o
(ac)],
and efficiency [q] of the amplifier circuit for an input
voltage that results in a base current of 10mA peak.
R
C
R
B
+V
CC
= 20V
I
C
V
i
25 = |
O 20
O k 1
V
o
( )
% 5 . 6 % 100
6 . 9 ) 48 . 0 )( 20 (
625 . 0 ) 20 (
2
10 250
2
250 ) 10 ( 25
20
1 1000
20
20
4 . 10 ) 20 )( 48 . 0 ( 20
48 . 0 5 . 482 ) 3 . 19 ( 25
3 . 19
1
7 . 0 20
) (
) (
) (
2
3
2
) (
) (
) (
) ( ) (
) (
= =
= = =
= O
= =
= = =
= =
= =
O
= =
= O = =
~ = = =
=
O
dc i
ac o
CQ CC dc i
C
peak C
ac o
C
CC
sat c
B
P
P
W A V I V P
W
A
R
I
P
peak mA peak mA I I
V V V
A mA
V
R
V
I
V A V R I V V
A mA mA I I
mA
k
V V
R
V V
I
peak b peak C
CC cutoff CE
C C CC CEQ
CQ
B
BE CC
BQ
q
|
|
Transformer-Coupled Class-A Amplifier
Input
+V
CC
R
E
R
1
R
2
R
L
N
1
:N
2
Z
2
= R
L
Z
1
A transformer-coupled class-A amplifier
uses a transformer to couple the output
signal from the amplifier to the load.
The relationship between the primary
and secondary values of voltage, current
and impedance are summarized as:
L
R
Z
Z
Z
N
N
I
I
V
V
N
N
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
= =
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =
N
1
, N
2
= the number of turns in the primary and secondary
V
1
, V
2
= the primary and secondary voltages
I
1
, I
2
= the primary and secondary currents
Z
1
, Z
2
= the primary and seconadary impedance ( Z
2
= R
L
)
Transformer-Coupled Class-A Amplifier
An important characteristic of the transformer
is the ability to produce a counter emf, or kick
emf.
When an inductor experiences a rapid change in
supply voltage, it will produce a voltage with a
polarity that is opposite to the original voltage
polarity.
The counter emf is caused by the
electromagnetic field that surrounds the inductor.
Counter emf
10V
+
-
+
-
10V
SW1
10V
+
-
+
-
10V
This counter emf will be present only for an instant.
As the field collapses into the inductor the voltage
decreases in value until it eventually reaches 0V.
DC Operating Characteristics
The dc biasing of a transformer-coupled class-A amplifier is very similar to any
other class-A amplifier with one important exception :
the value of V
CEQ
is designed to be as close as possible to V
CC
.
Input
+V
CC
R
E
R
1
R
2
R
L
N
1
:N
2
Z
2
= R
L
Z
1
V
CE
I
C
I
B
= 0mA
DC load line
The dc load line is very close to being a vertical line
indicating that V
CEQ
will be approximately equal to
V
CC
for all the values of I
C
.
The nearly vertical load line of the transformer-
coupled amplifier is caused by the extremely low dc
resistance of the transformer primary.
V
CEQ
= V
CC
I
CQ
(R
C
+ R
E
)
The value of R
L
is ignored in the dc analysis of the
transformer-coupled class-A amplifier. The reason for
this is the fact that transformer provides dc isolation
between the primary and secondary. Since the load
resistance is in the secondary of the transformer it
dose not affect the dc analysis of the primary circuitry.
AC Operating Characteristics
Input
+V
CC
R
E
R
1
R
2
R
L
N
1
:N
2
Z
2
= R
L
Z
1
V
CE
I
C
I
B
= 0mA
DC load line
ac load line
I
C(max)
= ??
~ V
CEQ
~ V
CC
~ 2V
CC
Q-point
1. Determine the maximum possible change in V
CE
Since V
CE
cannot change by an amount
greater than (V
CEQ
0V), v
ce
= V
CEQ
.
2. Determine the corresponding change in I
C
Find the value of Z
1
for the transformer: Z
1
=
(N
1
/N
2
)
2
Z
2
and i
c
= v
ce
/ Z
1
3. Plot a line that passes through the Q-point and
the value of I
C(max)
.
I
C(max)
= I
CQ
+ i
c
4. Locate the two points where the load line passes
through the lies representing the minimum and
maximum values of I
B
. These two points are then
used to find the maximum and minimum values of
I
C
and V
CE
Input
+V
CC
R
E
R
1
R
2
R
L
N
1
:N
2
Z
2
= R
L
Z
1
R
1
//R
2
v
ce
v
in
i
c
Z
1
v
o
V
CE
I
C
I
B
= 0mA
DC load line
ac load line
I
C(max)
= ??
~ V
CEQ
~ V
CC
~ 2V
CC
Q-point
I
CQ
Maximum load power and efficiency
The Power Supply for the amplifier : P
S
=V
CC
I
CC
Maximum peak-to-peak voltage across the primary of the transformer
is approximately equal to the difference between the values of V
CE(max)
and V
CE(min)
: V
PP
=V
CE(max)
V
CE(min)
Maximum possible peak-to-peak load voltage
is found by V
(P-P)max
=(N
2
/ N
1
)V
PP
The actual efficiency rating of a transformer-coupled class-A amplifier
will generally be less than 40%.
N
1
: N
2
R
L
V
PP
V
(P-P) max
There are several reasons for the
difference between the practical and
theoretical efficiency ratings for the
amplifier :
1. The derivation of the q = 50% value assumes
that V
CEQ
= V
CC
. In practice, V
CEQ
will
always be some value that is less the V
CC
.
2. The transformer is subject to various power
losses. Among these losses are couple loss
and hysteresis loss. These transformer power
losses are not considered in the derivation of
the q = 50% value.
One of the primary advantages of using the
transformer-coupled class-A amplifier is the
increased efficiency over the RC-coupled class-A
circuit.
Another advantage is the fact that the
transformer-coupled amplifier is easily converted
into a type of amplifier that is used extensively in
communications :- the tuned amplifier.
A tuned amplifier is a circuit that is designed to
have a specific value of power gain over a specific
range of frequency.