Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Quality Control is the operational techniques and activities that are used to fulfill the requirements for quality.
Pareto charts: used to identify the principal causes of problems. Ishikawa/fishbone diagrams: charts of cause and effect in processes. Stratification: layer charts which place each set of data successively on top of the previous one. Check sheets: to provide a record of quality.
Cont.
Histograms: graphs used to display frequency of various ranges of values of a quantity. Scatter graphs: used to help determine whether there is a correlation between two factors. Control Charts: used as a device in SPC
Pareto Charts
PROBLEM / EFFECT
CAUSES
CAUSES
Checksheet
Monday
Billing Errors Wrong Account Wrong Amount
Can be used to keep track of defects or used to make sure people collect data in a correct manner.
A/R Errors
Wrong Account Wrong Amount
Histogram
Number of Lots
Can be used to identify the frequency of quality defect occurrence and display quality performance.
Data Ranges
Defects in lot
Scatter Diagram
12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 10
Can be used to illustrate the relationships between quality behavior and training.
Defects
20
30
Hours of Training
QUALITY ASSURANCE
Quality Assurance is all systematic and
planned actions which are necessary to provide adequate confidence that a product or service will satisfy the given requirement for quality.
QUALITY MANAGEMENT
Quality Management is a systematic set
of operating procedures which is accepted company wide, documented, implemented and maintained while ensuring the growth of business in a consistent manner .
ACCEPTANCE SAMPLING
Acceptance sampling involves testing a batch of data to determine if the proportion of units having a particular attribute exceeds a given percentage. The sampling plan involves three determinations: (1) batch size; (2) sample size; and (3) maximum number of defects that can be uncovered before rejection of the entire batch. This technique permits acceptance or rejection of a batch of merchandise or documents under precisely specified circumstances.
Cont..
Purposes
Advantages
Cont.
Disadvantages
Risks of accepting bad lots and rejecting good lots Added planning and documentation Sample provides less information than 100-percent inspection
SAMPLING PLANS
Sampling plans consist of a sample size and a decision rule. The sample size is the number of items to sample or the number of measurements to take. The decision rule involves the acceptance limit(s) and a description of how to use the sample result to accept or reject the lot.
Probability of acceptance
=.10
(consumers risk)
10 11 12
Uses statistics & control charts to tell when to adjust process Developed by Shewhart in 1920s Involves
Creating standards (upper & lower limits) Measuring sample output (e.g. mean wgt.) Taking corrective action (if necessary)
Control Charts
Control Charts is a graphical representation of the characteristic of a process around the central line and one or more control limits. It may be used in statistical quality control whether the inspections is for attributes or for variables. When the method of inspection is for attributes, the inspector simply notes the presence or absence of some quality characteristics and records the count of those with and without it, but if the quality characteristics is measured by the inspector and a record is kept for each measurement , so that the variation between each is known, then the inspection is for variables.
Control Chart
Sample Value
60 40 20 0 1 5 9 13 Time 17 21