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DRILL AND BLAST SECTION MINING SERVICES DEPARTMENT PT KALTIM PRIMA COAL
Shear Failure
Selection of best wall control blast method Design blast based on geology and past history to minimize wall damage Development of blast pad area prior to drilling to provide suitable blast area Optimal implementation of chosen design to minimize variation from design Fragmentation and muck pile looseness
Trim Blasts
The aim is to
Break rock mass to the pre-split or final wall line
Not to break through the line! Clearly, a good pre-split with a poor trim blast will not work A poor pre-split with a good trim blast also will not work!
If pre-splitting is not appropriate, trim blasting may still provide a good final wall
Trim Blasts
There are some Rules of Thumb to try in a new situation Stand-off from pre-split should be about half the hole burden (i.e. 4m, KPC uses 3m) Last row spacing should be half the main spacing (OK) Burden between last (buffer) row and 2nd last row should be 3/4 the main burden (5.2m, KPC uses 6m or 6.6m)
Trim Blasts
Optimum burden relief for a detonating hole requires Sufficient number of neighbouring holes to detonate
Trim Blasts
Adequate burden relief is important in any production blast and absolutely critical in trim blasts.
If any part of the blast is over-confined, material will not move properly
This will over-confine the blastholes behind - it gets worse! In a small blast like a trim blast, this will not correct itself - damage will penetrate behind the pre-split or final wall line.
Trim Blasts
Issues to think about in dynamic burden relief
1. Drill Pad Preparation
Free faces this means
shovel digs back to hard material pad preparation dozing does not push loose material over the free face
Accurate hole locations Accurate crest burdens Blastholes located to follow crest line Drilling accuracy
3. Correct tie-up
20 m
20 m
10m
Presplit Holes
20 m
8 m
20 m
20 m
10m 20 m
15 m 15 m 15 m
10m
3m 6m
8m
Upper Bench
Production rows:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Max 4 rows Burden = 7 m Spacing = 8 m Depth = 11.5m Spacing direction must be parallel to presplit row Blast area must have a free face without broken material in front parallel to presplit row
3m 6m
8m
Upper Bench
3.5m Stemming
Trim row:
1. 2. 3. 4. Burden = 3.0m Spacing = 4.6m Depth = 11.5m Charge is as shown in diagram
2.0m Air Deck 4.0m Charge
Production Rows
3m 6m
8m
Lower Bench
3.5m Stemming
2.75m Charge
3m 6m
8m
Lower Bench
3.5m Stemming
2.75m Charge
Production Rows
Presplit Blast
A line of closely spaced blast holes drilled at the limits line. Often smaller diameter than production blastholes. Much lower charge density laterally or vertically decoupled. Fired before the main blast; usually with no delay between holes.
Why Pre-split?
Increases wall stability. Defines wall position, ensures consistent front row burdens in strip mining. Channels blast gases away from rock mass, reducing backbreak and damage. Others (eg. limits dilution, aids equipment).
Compressive Shock
Compressive Shock
Borehole
How do we start?
The engineering variables (really variable)
Hole diameter. Hole spacing. Total energy (explosive mass / product). Energy distribution (charge positions, decoupling).
What Else?
Rock mass variables (not so variable!)
Compressive strength. Tensile strength. Discontinuities (a.k.a. Joints). Must not under-estimate joints!
DynoSplit
4300 1.1
32
200 20 5.1 2.5 72
Parameter
Hole Spacing (m) Bench Height (m) Explosive Specific Charge (kg/m) Uncharged Hole Length (m) Doubled Over Length (m) No of Charge Strings per Hole 2 Pre-Split Powder Factor (kg/m )
Value
3 20 0.88 1 2 1 0.31
Orientation
Presplit Row
When it Works!
PreSplit sandstone wall at Panel 8, Hatari, 1999.
When it Works!
Unfavourable Structure
Unfavourable Material