Chapter 1: Renaissance and Discovery Philosophers and Ruling Families: Ludovico Il Moro (Milan) invited Charles VIII to march

ch through Milan (to gain an ally), but Milan was taken over also. Patron of da Vinci. Giovanni de Medici founder of Medici dynasty (banking; usury) Cosimo de; Medici controlled the Signoria, funded the Platonic Academy Lorenzo the Magnificent inspired Machiavellis The Prince Piero de Medici The Unfortunate Leader tries to pay off Charles VIII, exiled for his cowardice Savonarola imprisoned and executed (said Church was corrupt; no need to pay), revolutionized Florentines, paid off Charles VIII, wrote Triumph of the Cross Leonardo Bruni and Manuel Chrysolares (Brunis Bryzantine tutor) developed the humanities (art, lit., music, ect.) Desiderius Erasmus Prince of Humanism Praise of Folly supporter of Church, but says it needs adjustments) Petrarch Father of Humanism secular pursuits dont necessarily take away from the Church, wrote Secretum Meum Dante Alighieri Divine Comedy and La Vita Nueva (dedicated to Beatrice) Giovanni Boccaccio Decameron (open critique of the Church, student of Petrarch) Baldassare Castiglione Courtiers (rule book to be the perfect man), rejects chivalry, perfect man is Cellini Ideas/Concepts/Vocabulary Individualism (life, not death) Humanism (study/application of Roman/Greek lit.) Feudalism/Manorialism (Lord => Serf) City-State, State, Nation-State (monarch gains powers, people lose power)

Cinyu Chi People cont Benvenuto Cellini Autobiography (about himself, best idea of what the Renaissance was like) Niccolo Machiavelli The Prince, the ends justify the means, encouraged brutality/fraud in rulers with an end goal of uniting Italy Laura Cereta feminist, becomes professor, men respond to her letter in respect of her academic achievement Thomas More Utopia Thomas a Kempis dont need to got to Church to be Christian Martin Luther 95 Theses, major figure in the Reformation, translates Bible into German Pope Alexander VI most corrupt, allied w/ the French (allowed him to claim territories and the French to take Milan) Pope Julius II kicks out Borgias, secures Papal States by driving out Venetians from Romagna Charles VII The Victorious (France) wins 100 yrs. War with Joan of Ark Louis XI (France) Beats Burgundy, builds road, expands trade/industry, starts national postal service, and silk industry King Charles the Bold of Burgundy Burgundian Empire falls after death, daughter Anne marries into the Habsburgs.

Treaties/Decrees Treaty of Lodii unites Florence, Milan, and Naples League of Venice group of Italian citied united against France Treaty of Bologna allows French to select church officials Holy League Pope Julius II, Ferdinand of Aragon, Emperor Maximilian, and Venice, defeat the French Alhambra Decree (Spain) kicks out all non-Catholics Freie Reichsstadt (Holy Roman Empire) independent municipalities, Empire can interfere

Renaissance in Europe Italian Renaissance > secular than N. Europe Venice ruled by oligarchy (300 seat council), unlike other Italian cities French Renaissance John Calvin, portrays the Church as a devouring giant (Gargantua and Pantagruel) Spanish Renaissance Miguel Cervantes (Don Quixote) Effects of Colonization in the New World Large production of sugar cane (monoculture) ruins trade and native production Price of gold inflates (tons of gold are brought in to Europe) Mercantilism export > imports, more gold, colonies exist to make money for mother country Aztec and Incan Empire are destroyed. Christianity is spread to the Americas (the Church was a major land owner) Background of the Renaissance (what made it possible) Manuel Chrysolares laid foundation to promote Greek learning when he was invited to Florence. The Printing Press allowed elites in Church and state to popularize their viewpoints widely, gaining them influence, also increases access to lit. and allows it to be printed in a common language Reunification of the E+W Churches opened the way for Greek scholars and manuscripts to enter the West. Spain The Catholic King and Queen Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castille, marriage allowed them to secure and subdue their realms, venture abroad militarily, and Christianize Spain

Artists da Vinci painted the Mona Lisa, inventor (developed early prototype of helicopter) Raphael Sanzio School of Athens Michelangelo the David, designs frescoes for the Sistine Chapel Brunelleschi architect, domes Botticelli La Primavera and The Birth of Venus Artemisia Gentileschi Death of Holofernes Explorers Prince Henry the Navigator funded Portuguese exploration of the African Coast (mainly for gold) Vasco da Gama reached coast of India, returned w/ valuable cargo (60x more than cost of trip) Ferdinand Magellan proved America was another continent, searched for westward rt. to the Indies. Jacques Cartier claimed Canada for France Bartholomeu Dias first person sailed around most southern tip of Africa Christopher Columbus found Caribbean Islands, led to Spain in Peru and Mexico Pedro Alvars Cabral discovered Brasil; claimed it for Portugal Samuel de Champlain sails from France to explore Quebec Hernan Cortes destroys the Aztecs Francisco Pizarro destroys the Incans England War of the Roses: House of York vs. House of Lancaster Henry Tudor (Henry VII), first modern king of England, defeated Richard III