Session MPTCP06

Sequences and Series

1. Revisit H.P.
2. Sum of n terms of an H.P.
3. Harmonic Mean (H.M.) and
insertion of n H.M.s between two
given numbers
4. Relation between A.M., G.M. and
H.M.
5. En, En
2
, En
3
6. Method of difference in special
sequences to find general term
Session Objectives
Harmonic Progression
A sequence is called a harmonic
progression (H.P.) if the reciprocals
of its terms form an A.P.
_I012
1
1
a
a
=
2
1
a
a d
=
+
3
1
a
a 2d
=
+
4
1
a
a 3d
=
+
( )
n
1
a
a n 1 d
=
+
First term
General Term
Sum of n Terms of an H.P.
There is no general formula for sum
of n terms of an H.P.
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Single Harmonic Mean
H is the H.M. of a and b
a, H, and b are in H.P.
are in A.P.
1 1 1
, ,
a H b
1 1 1 1
H a b H
=
2 1 1
H a b
= +
1 a b
H 2ab
+
=
2ab
H
a b
=
+
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2
H
1 1
a b
=
+
Harmonic Mean a Definition
If n terms H
1
, H
2
, H
3
, . . . H
n
are
inserted between two numbers a
and b such that a, H
1
, H
2
, H
3
, . . . ,
H
n
, b form an H.P.,
then H
1
, H
2
, H
3
, . . . , H
n
are called
harmonic means (H.M.s) of a and b.
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Illustrative Problem
Q. Insert 3 H.M.s between 1 and
1/9
A. Let the required H.M.s be H
1
,
H
2
and H
3
.
1 2 3
1 1 1
1, , , , 9 are in A.P.
H H H

9 1 4d d 2 = + =
1
1
1 1
3 H
H 3
= =
= =
2
2
1 1
5 H
H 5
= =
3
3
1 1
7 H
H 7
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Relation Between A.M., G.M. And
H.M.
Let A, G and H be the arithmetic,
geometric and harmonic means of
two positive numbers a and b.
Proof :
2
a b 2ab
AH
2 a b
ab
G
+
=
+
=
=
a b 2ab
A ; G ab; H
2 a b
+
= = =
+
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G
2
=AH
Relation Between A.M., G.M. And
H.M.
Proof :
a b
A G ab
2
+
=
2 2
a b 2 ab
2
+
=
( )
2
a b
2

=
0 >
A G (A G, when a b) > = =
But A, G, H are in G.P.,
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A G H > >
> > A G H
Sum of First n Natural Numbers
First n Natural numbers :
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 . . .
We see that this is an A.P, with
a = 1 and d = 1.
sum of first n Natural numbers
( ) { }
n
n
S 2 n 1 .1
2
= +
( )
n
r 1
n n 1
r
2
=
+
=

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n 1
r 1
r ?

=
=

Sum of Squares of First n Natural

Numbers
Squares of first n Natural numbers :
1
2
, 2
2
, 3
2
, 4
2
, 5
2
, 6
2
. . .
Consider the identity :
( )
3
3 2
x 1 x 3x 3x 1 + = + +
3 3 2
2 1 3 1 3 1 1 = + +
3 3 2
3 2 3 2 3 2 1 = + +
3 3 2
4 3 3 3 3 3 1 = + +
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
( ) ( ) ( )
3 2
3
n n 1 3 n 1 3 n 1 1 = + +
( )
3
3 2
n 1 n 3n 3n 1 + = + +
Putting x = 1, 2, 3, . . . n, we get
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Sum of Squares of First n Natural
Numbers
Adding columnwise, we get,
( )
( )
( )
( )
3
3 2 2 2
n 1 1 3. 1 2 ... n
3 1 2 ... n
1 1 ...1 n times
+ = + + +
+ + + +
+ + + (

( )
3
3 2
n 1 1 3 n 3 n n + = + +

( )
3 2 2
n n 1
n 3n 3n 3 n 3 n
2
+
+ + = + +

3 2 2
2
2n 6n 4n 3n 3n
3 n
2
+ +
=

3 2
2
2n 3n n
n
6
+ +
=

( ) ( )
2
n n 1 2n 1
n
6
+ +
=

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Sum of Cubes of First n Natural
Numbers (H.W)
Cubes of first n Natural numbers:
1
3
, 2
3
, 3
3
, 4
3
, 5
3
, 6
3
. . .
Consider the identity :
( )
4
4 3 2
x 1 x 4x 6x 4x 1 + = + + +
4 4 3 2
2 1 4 1 6 1 4 1 1 = + + +
4 4 3 2
3 2 4 2 6 2 4 2 1 = + + +
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
4 3 2
4
n n 1 4 n 1 6 n 1 4 n 1 1 = + + +
( )
4
4 3 2
n 1 n 4n 6n 4n 1 + = + + +
4 4 3 2
4 3 4 3 6 3 4 3 1 = + + +
Putting x = 1, 2, 3, . . . n, we get
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Sum of Cubes of First n Natural
Numbers (H.W.)
Adding columnwise, we get,
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
4
4 3 3 3
2 2 2
n 1 1 4. 1 2 ... n
6 1 2 ... n
4 1 2 ... n
1 1 ...1 n times
+ = + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + (

( )
4
4 3 2
n 1 1 4 n 6 n 4 n n + = + + +

( ) ( ) ( )
4 3 2 3
n n 1 2n 1 n n 1
n 4n 6n 4n 4 n 6 4 n
6 2
+ + +
+ + + = + + +

3 4 3 2 3 2 2
4 n n 4n 6n 4n 2n 3n n 2n 2n n = + + +

3 4 3 2
4 n n 2n n = + +

( )
( )
2
2
2
3
n n 1
n n
4
+
= =

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Method of Difference
Consider the sequence : U u
1
, u
2
, u
3
. .

If we define A
1
u
r
= u
r+1
-u
r
, then the
sequence
A
1
U

A
1
u
1
, A
1
u
2
, A
1
u
3
, . . . A
1
u
n-1
is called the sequence of the first order
of differences.

1 2, 3 4
1 2 1 3 2 4 3
1 1 1 1 2 1 3
U u , u u , u
U u u , u u , u u
U u , u , u

A
A A A A
1
U 1, 2, 4, 8, 15
U 1, 2, 4, 7

A
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Method of Difference
Similarly, if we define A
2
u
r
= A
1
u
r+1
-A
1
u
r
,
then the sequence,
A
2
U

A
2
u
1
, A
2
u
2
, A
2
u
3
, . . . A
2
u
n-2
is called the sequence of the second
order of differences.
2 1 2 1 1 1 3 1 2
2 2 1 2 2
U u u , u u
U u , u
A A A A A
A A A
1 2, 3 4
1 2 1 3 2 4 3
1 1 1 1 2 1 3
U u , u u , u
U u u , u u , u u
U u , u , u

A
A A A A
1
2
U 1, 2, 4, 8, 15
U 1, 2, 4, 7
U 1, 2, 3

A
A
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Method of Difference
If the sequence of the first order of
differences is an A.P., the general term
of the sequence is of the form

If the sequence of the second order of differences is an A.P.,
the general term of the sequence is of the form

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t
n
= A
1
+A
2
n+A
3
n
2
t
n
= A
1
+A
2
n+A
3
n
2
+A
4
n
3
Illustrative Problem
Q. Find the nth term of the sequence
-1, -3, 3, 23, 63, 129, . . .

A. We see that the sequence of the second order of
differences is an A.P. Therefore the general term is :
t
n
= A
1
+A
2
n+A
3
n
2
+A
4
n
3

t
1
= -1 = A
1
+A
2
+A
3
+A
4
; t
2
= -3 = A
1
+2A
2
+4A
3
+8A
4
;
t
3
= 3 = A
1
+3A
2
+9A
3
+27A
4
; t
4
= 23 =
A
1
+4A
2
+16A
3
+64A
4
A
1
= 3, A
2
= -3, A
3
= -2, A
4
= 1 t
n
= 3-3n-2n
2
+n
3

1 3 3 23 63 129
2 6 20 40 66
8 14 20 26

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Method of Difference
If the sequence of the second order of
differences is a G.P., in which the
common ratio is r, the general term of
the sequence is of the form

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t
n
= A
1
+A
2
n+A
3
r
n-1
Illustrative Problem
Q. Find the nth term of the sequence
10, 23, 60, 169, 494 . . .

A. We see that the sequence of the second order of
differences is a G.P. with common ratio 3. Therefore the
general term is :
t
n
= A
1
+A
2
n+A
3
3
n-1

t
1
= 10 = A
1
+A
2
+A
3
; t
2
= 23 = A
1
+2A
2
+3A
3
;
t
3
= 60 = A
1
+3A
2
+9A
3
; A
1
= 3, A
2
= 1, A
3
= 6
t
n
= 3+n+6(3
n-1
)= 3+n+2(3
n
)
10 23 60 169 494
13 37 109 335
24 72 216
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Illustrative Problem
Q. The 99
th
term of the series
2+7+14+23+34. . . is equal to :
(a) 9998 (b) 10002
(c) 9801 (d) None of these
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Illustrative Problem
A. To find the 99
th
term of the series
2+7+14+23+34+ . . .
2 7 14 23 34
5 7 9 11
We see that the sequence of the first
order of difference is an A.P. the
n
th
term is given by
t
n
= A
1
+A
2
n+A
3
n
2

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Q. The 99
th
term of the series
2+7+14+23+34. . . is equal to :
(a) 9998 (b) 10002
(c) 9801 (d) None of these

Illustrative Problem
t
n
= A
1
+A
2
n+A
3
n
2

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Q. The 99
th
term of the series
2+7+14+23+34. . . is equal to :
(a) 9998 (b) 10002
(c) 9801 (d) None of these

t
1
= 2 = A
1
+A
2
+A
3
t
2
= 7 = A
1
+2A
2
+4A
3
t
3
= 14 = A
1
+3A
2
+9A
3
A
1
= -1; A
2
= 2; A
3
= 1.
t
n
= n
2
+2n-1
t
99
= 99
2
+2(99)-1
= 9801+198-1
= 9998
Ans : (a)
Home work
Find
k n
k 1
k
r 11
(1) r
=
=
=

2 3
j 1 i 1
(2) (i.j)
= =

n
2 4
r 1
r
(3)
1 r r
=
+ +

Class Exercise Q1.

_I014
Q. The H.M. of 2 numbers is 4. Their
A.M. A and G.M. G satisfy the
relation 2A+G
2
= 27. Find the
numbers.
Class Exercise Q1.
_I014
Q. The H.M. of 2 numbers is 4. Their A.M. A
and G.M. G satisfy the relation 2A+G
2
=
27. Find the numbers.
A. Let the two numbers be a and b
( )
2ab
4 ab 2 a b
a b
= = +
+
Given that 2A+G
2
= 27
a+b+ab = 27
3(a+b) = 27
a+b = 9, ab = 18
Now, a
2
+2ab+b
2
= 81, a
2
-2ab+b
2
= 9
a-b = 3
a = 6, b = 3 or a = 3, b = 6
Class Exercise Q2.
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Q. If the harmonic mean between two
quantities is to their geometric mean
as 12 to 13, the quantities are in the
ratio of
(a) 1:2 (b) 2:3 (c) 3:5 (d) 4:9
Class Exercise Q2.
_I014
Q. If the harmonic mean between two
quantities is to their geometric mean as
12 to 13, the quantities are in the ratio
of
(a) 1:2 (b) 2:3 (c) 3:5 (d) 4:9
A. Let the two quantities be a and ar
2
.
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
2
2 2
2.a.ar 2a r 2ar
H.M.
a ar
a 1 r 1 r
= = =
+
+ +
2
G.M. a.ar ar = =
Given that
( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2
2 2
2ar
1 r
H.M. 2ar 2r 12
G.M. ar 13
ar 1 r 1 r
+
= = = =
+ +
Class Exercise Q2.
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Q. If the harmonic mean between two
quantities is to their geometric mean as
12 to 13, the quantities are in the ratio
of
(a) 1:2 (b) 2:3 (c) 3:5 (d) 4:9
( )
2
2r 12
13
1 r
=
+
2
6r 13r 6 0 + =
( )( )
2r 3 3r 2 0 =
2 3
r or r
3 2
= =
2 2
4 9
r or r
9 4
= =
Ans : (d)
Class Exercise Q3.
Q. If between any two quantities there
be inserted two A.M.s A
1
, A
2
; two
G.M.s G
1
, G
2
; and two H.M.s H
1
, H
2
,
then A
1
+A
2
:H
1
+H
2
is equal to :
(a) H
1
H
2
:G
1
G
2
(b) G
1
G
2
:H
1
H
2
(c) H
1
H
2
:A
1
A
2
(d) G
1
G
2
:A
1
A
2
_I015
Class Exercise Q3.
A. Let the two numbers be a and b.
A
1
+A
2
= a+b
G
1
G
2
= ab and
1 2
1 1 1 1
H H a b
+ = +
1 2
1 2
H H a b
H H ab
+ +
=
_I015
Q. If between any two quantities there be
inserted two A.M.s A
1
, A
2
; two G.M.s G
1
,
G
2
; and two H.M.s H
1
, H
2
, then
A
1
+A
2
:H
1
+H
2
is equal to :
(a) H
1
H
2
:G
1
G
2
(b) G
1
G
2
:H
1
H
2
(c) H
1
H
2
:A
1
A
2
(d) G
1
G
2
:A
1
A
2
Class Exercise Q3.
+ +
=
1 2
1 2
H H a b
H H ab
_I015
Q. If between any two quantities there be
inserted two A.M.s A
1
, A
2
; two G.M.s G
1
,
G
2
; and two H.M.s H
1
, H
2
, then
A
1
+A
2
:H
1
+H
2
is equal to :
(a) H
1
H
2
:G
1
G
2
(b) G
1
G
2
:H
1
H
2
(c) H
1
H
2
:A
1
A
2
(d) G
1
G
2
:A
1
A
2
Ans : (b)
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
H H A A
H H G G
+ +
=
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
A A G G
H H H H
+
=
+
Class Exercise Q4.
_I015
Q. Insert 2 A.M.s, 2 G.M.s and 2 H.M.s
between 1 and 27. Hence show that
corresponding A.M. > G.M. > H.M.
Class Exercise Q4.
_I015
Q. Insert 2 A.M.s, 2 G.M.s and 2 H.M.s
between 1 and 27. Hence show that
corresponding A.M. > G.M. > H.M.
A. Let A.M.s, G.M.s and H.M.s of 1 and
27 be A
1
, A
2
, G
1
, G
2
and H
1
, H
2

respectively.
1, A
1
, A
2
, 27 are in A.P.
26
Common difference
3
=
1 2
29 55
A , A
3 3
= =
1, G
1
, G
2
, 27 are in G.P.
( )
1
3
Common ratio 27 3 = =
G
1
= 3, G
2
= 9
Class Exercise Q4.
_I015
Q. Insert 2 A.M.s, 2 G.M.s and 2 H.M.s
between 1 and 27. Hence show that
corresponding A.M. > G.M. > H.M.
1 2
29 55
A , A
3 3
= =
G
1
= 3, G
2
= 9
1, H
1
, H
2
, 27 are in H.P.
1 2
1 1 1
1, , , are in A.P.
H H 27

1 1 26
Common difference 1
3 27 81
| |
= =
|
\ .
1 2
81 81
H , H
55 29
= =
1 1 1
29 81
Now 3 A G H
3 55
> > > >
2 2 2
55 81
Now 9 A G H
3 29
> > > > Q.E.D.
Class Exercise Q5.
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Q. The G.M. of two numbers is 9 and
their A.M. is 15. Find the numbers.
Class Exercise Q5.
_I015
Q. The G.M. of two numbers is 9 and their
A.M. is 15. Find the numbers.
A. Let the numbers be a and b.
Given that,
a b
15, ab 9
2
+
= =
a+b = 30, ab = 81
a
2
+2ab+b
2
= 900
a
2
-2ab+b
2
= 576
a-b = 24
a = 27, b = 3 or a = 3, b = 27
Class Exercise Q6.
Q. Sum of n terms of a series whose
nth term is 3(4
n
+2n
2
)-4n
3
is equal to
(a) 4
n+1
-4+n(n+1)(1+n+n
2
)
(b) 4
n+1
-4+n(n-1)(1+n-n
2
)
(c) 4
n+1
-4+n(n+1)(1+n-n
2
)
(d) None of these

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Class Exercise Q6.
A. Required sum
( ) { }
n 2 3
3 4 2n 4n = +

n 2 3
3 4 6 n 4 n = +

( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
n
n n 1 2n 1 n n 1
4 1
3 4. 6. 4
4 1 6 4
+ + +

= +

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Q. Sum of n terms of a series whose nth
term is 3(4
n
+2n
2
)-4n
3
is equal to
(a) 4
n+1
-4+n(n+1)(1+n+n
2
)
(b) 4
n+1
-4+n(n-1)(1+n-n
2
)
(c) 4
n+1
-4+n(n+1)(1+n-n
2
)
(d) None of these

( ) ( ) ( )
( )
n 1 2
4 4 n n 1 2n 1 n n 1 n n
+
= + + + + +
Class Exercise Q6.
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Q. Sum of n terms of a series whose nth
term is 3(4
n
+2n
2
)-4n
3
is equal to
(a) 4
n+1
-4+n(n+1)(1+n+n
2
)
(b) 4
n+1
-4+n(n-1)(1+n-n
2
)
(c) 4
n+1
-4+n(n+1)(1+n-n
2
)
(d) None of these

( ) ( ) ( )
( )
+
= + + + + +
n 1 2
4 4 n n 1 2n 1 n n 1 n n
Ans : (b)
( )
( )
n 1 2
4 4 n n 1 2n 1 n n
+
= + + +
( )
( )
n 1 2
4 4 n n 1 1 n n
+
= + + +
Class Exercise Q7.
Q. Sum of n terms of a series whose
nth term is 2
n-1
+8n
3
-6n
2
is equal to
(a) 2
n
-1+n(n+1)(2n
2
-1)
(b) 2
n
-1+n(n+1)(2n
2
+1)
(c) 2
n+
1+n(n+1)(2n
2
-1)
(d) None of these
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Class Exercise Q7.
Q. Sum of n terms of a series whose nth
term is 2
n-1
+8n
3
-6n
2
is equal to
(a) 2
n
-1+n(n+1)(2n
2
-1)
(b) 2
n
-1+n(n+1)(2n
2
+1)
(c) 2
n+
1+n(n+1)(2n
2
-1)
(d) None of these
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A. Required sum
( )
n 1 3 2
2 8n 6n

= +

n 1 3 2
2 8 n 6 n

= +

( ) ( )( )
2
2
n
n n 1 n n 1 2n 1
2 1
1. 8 6
2 1 4 6
+ + +

= +

( )
( )
( )( )
n 2
2 1 2n n 1 n n n n 1 2n 1 = + + + + +
Class Exercise Q7.
Q. Sum of n terms of a series whose nth
term is 2
n-1
+8n
3
-6n
2
is equal to
(a) 2
n
-1+n(n+1)(2n
2
-1)
(b) 2
n
-1+n(n+1)(2n
2
+1)
(c) 2
n+
1+n(n+1)(2n
2
-1)
(d) None of these
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( )
( )
( )( )
n 2
2 1 2n n 1 n n n n 1 2n 1 = + + + + +
( )
( )
n 2
2 1 n n 1 2n 2n 2n 1 = + + +
( )
( )
n 2
2 1 n n 1 2n 1 = + +
Class Exercise Q8.
Q. Sum the series 4
3
+5
3
+6
3
+ . . . +20
3
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Class Exercise Q8.
Q. Sum the series 4
3
+5
3
+6
3
+ . . . +20
3
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A. S
n
= 4
3
+5
3
+6
3
+ . . . +20
3
20 3
3 3
n
r 1 r 1
S r r
= =
=

2 2 2 2
n
20 .21 3 .4
S
4 4
=
( )( )
n
420 12 420 12
S 44064
4
+
= =
Class Exercise Q9(i).
Q. Sum to n terms the series :
1.7+2.8+3.9+ . . .

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Class Exercise Q9(i).
Q. Sum to n terms the series :
1.7+2.8+3.9+ . . .

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A. We see that a
n
= n(n+6)

=
= +

n
2
n
r 1
S (r 6r)
n n
2
n
r 1 r 1
S r 6 r
= =
= +

( )( ) ( )
n
n n 1 2n 1 n n 1
S 6
6 2
+ + +
= +
( )
( )
n
n n 1
S 2n 1 18
6
+
= + +
( )( )
n
n n 1 2n 19
S
6
+ +
=
Class Exercise Q9(ii).
Q. Sum to n terms the series :
1.3+3.5+5.7+ . . .

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Class Exercise Q9(ii).
Q. Sum to n terms the series :
1.3+3.5+5.7+ . . .

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A. We see that a
n
= (2n-1)(2n+1)
= 4n
2
-1

=
=

n
2
n
r 1
S (4r 1)
n n
2
n
r 1 r 1
S 4 r 1
= =
=

( )( )
n
n n 1 2n 1
S 4 n
6
+ +
=
( )( )
n
2n n 1 2n 1 3n
S
3
+ +
=
( )
2
n
n 4n 6n 1
S
3
+
=