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Human Anatomy

Levels of Organization of the Human Body 1. The Chemical Level 2. The Cell 3. The Tissue 4. The Organ 5. The System 6. The Organism

The Chemical Level


The chemical level is the basic structure of which all substances are composed. Includes: Atoms - The smallest unit of matter that participates in reactions Molecules - Two or more atoms joined together

The Cell
The most basic structural and functional unit of an organism is the CELL. It is the smallest living unit of the human body. There are many different types of cells in the body including: - Nerve cells - Blood cells - Muscle cells - Fat cells

The Tissue
Tissues are groups of cells, and the surrounding environment, which work together to produce a specific function. There are only four types of tissues in the body: 1. Epithelial tissue 2. Connective tissue 3. Muscle tissue 4. Nervous tissue

The Organ
Organs are structures that are made of two or more different types of tissues. They have specific functions and a defined shape. The heart is an example of an organ.

It is made of muscle, connective and nervous tissue. The tissues work together to move blood through the body.

The System
A system consists of related organs that have a common function. There are eleven organ systems in the body:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. The Integumentary System The Skeletal System Muscular System Nervous System Endocrine System Cardiovascular System Lymphatic & Immune System Respiratory System Digestive System Urinary System Reproductive System

The Organism

An organism is the highest level of organization.

The Skeletal System

The bones and joints It provides support and protection to internal organs.

The Muscular System


The Muscular System

Skeletal muscle

It provides movement.

Basic Anatomical Terms, Planes and Sections

1. Body Positions
2. Directional Terms 3. Anatomical Planes and Sections

Body Positions
In anatomy, descriptions of body structures assume the body is in a specific orientation, called the anatomical position. In the anatomical position, the subject is facing the observer with the head level and eyes facing forward.

Feet are flat on the ground; arms are down at the sides with palms turned forward.

Body Positions

If a body is laying down, two positions are possible:

Supine: Supine - when the body is face up

Prone: Prone - when the body is face down

Directional Terms

To locate body structures, specific directional words are used to describe the position of one structure in relation to another.

These terms are fundamental ideas in anatomy and physiology and it is critical to have a thorough understanding of their meaning.

Anterior versus Posterior


Anterior - toward the front of the body This is also referred to as Ventral Ventral . Posterior - toward the back of the body This is also referred to as Dorsal Dorsal.

Superior versus Inferior


Superior - toward the top of the body

Inferior - toward the bottom of the body

The neck is superior to the abdomen

The thigh is inferior to the abdomen

Proximal versus Distal


Proximal - toward the trunk of the body

Distal - toward the edge of the body

The shoulder is proximal to the wrist The ankle is distal to the knee

Contralateral and Ipsilateral


Contralateral - on the opposite side of the body

Ipsilateral - on the same side

of the body

This hand is contralateral to this arm This shoulder is ipsilateral to this hand

Superficial versus Deep


Superficial - toward the surface of the body

Deep - toward the center of the body


The skin is superficial to the lungs

The heart is deep

compared to the ribs

Anatomical Planes and Sections


Anatomical planes are imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body.

The coronal plane separates the body into front and back halves.
The sagittal plane separates the body into left and right halves. The transverse plane separates the body into superior and inferior halves.

Classification of Bones
There are 206 bones into the body classified into 2 Regions:

Axial cranium, vertebra, rib cage

Appendicular: legs, arms, pelvis, shoulder girdle

Classification of Bones
Bones are also classified into 4 Shapes:

1.Long bones

2. Flat bones

3.Irregular bones 4.Short bones

Long Bone Structure


Diaphysis shaft
Compact bone surrounded by periosteum & endosteum Central medullary cavity in adults: filled with yellow bone marrow fat storage

Epiphyses ends proximal and distal


Spongy bone Hyaline cartilage at articulations

Long Bone Structure

Other Bones Structure


Short, irregular and flat bones

Periosteum and endosteum Dense bone on outer part Spongy bone in middle part

Chemical Composition of Bone


35% of bone is organic Bone cells: Osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts. Bone substance: Ground substance and collagen fibers. 65% of bone is inorganic Calcium phosphate Also known as Hydroxyapatites The minerals form small crystals around the collagen fibers

Functions of Bones Structural


- Support - Protection - Movement

Mineral Storage
- Calcium - Phosphate

gmadlobT yuradRebisaTvis!

Thanks For Attantion

Dr. Nino Shiukashvili

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