THE DRAMA

ELEMENTS AND MORE

Instructor : Salirick S. Andres Course :World Literature

Objectives

To familiarize oneself with the different elements of Fiction, Poetry Drama and Essay. To identify and cite examples of each element found in a literary piece

Elements of Fiction
Setting the time and place in which the events of the story occur 2. Characters the representations of human beings in the story Characterization is the method used by the writer to reveal the personality of the characters
1.

Characterization Techniques
1.

2.
3. 4. 5.

Actions of the Characters Thoughts of the Characters Descriptions of the Characters Descriptions of other Characters Descriptions of the Author

Kinds of Character

According to Principality
1.
2.

Protagonist is the main character Antagonist is the character that go against the main character

According to Development
1.

2.

Dynamic is the character that exhibits noticeable development Static is the character who exhibits no change and development

Kinds of Character

According to Personality
1.

2.

Round is the character that displays different/multiple personalities throughout the story Flat is the character that reveals conventinal traits, who remains the same throughout the story

According to Role
1. 2. 3.

Major is the protagonist/s in the story Foil is the character that contrasts other characters Support is the character who plays secondary roles

Elements of Fiction (continued)

3.

Plot is the sequence of events in the story, aranged and linked in causality KINDS OF PLOT
Plot moves with the natural sequence of events where actions are arranged sequentially Circular Plot is a kind of plot where linear development of the story merges with an interruption in the chronological order to show an event that happened in the past
Linear

Elements of Fiction (continued)

KINDS OF PLOT
Medias Res is a kind of plot where the story commences in the middle part of the action Sub Plot secondary plot that explores ideas that are different from the main story line Parallel Plot secondary story line that mimics the main plot
En

Part of a Plot
Climax

Crisis

Denouement

Complicatio n Exposition

Ending

Part of a Plot
1.

2.

3.

Exposition refers to a fiction story's initial setup, where, variably, setting is established, characters are introduced, and conflict is initiated Complication is the start of the major conflict or problem in the plot Crisis is the part that establishes curiosity, uncertainty and tension; it requires a decision

Part of a Plot
4.

5.

6.

Climax is the peak of the story which leads to affirmation, a decision, an action or even a realization. This is the point of greatest emotional intensity, interest, as well as suspense Denouement is the finishing of things right after the climax, and shows resolution of the plot Ending is the part that brings the story back to its equilibrium

Literary Devices

Flashback is the writers use of interruption of the chronological sequence of a story to go back to related incidents which occurred in the beginning of the story Foreshadowing is the writers use of hints or clues to indicate events that will happen later in the story. The use of this technique both creates suspense and prepares the reader for what is to come. Stream of Consciousness is a narrative technique that places the reader in the mind and thought of the narrator, no matter how random

Elements of Fiction (continued)

4.

Conflict is the opposition of persons or forces in a story that give rise to the dramatic action in a literary work. It is the basic tension, predicament, or challenge that propels a storys plot. KINDS OF CONFLICT
vs. Person is a type of conflict where one character in a story has struggle with one or more character Person vs. Society is a type of conflict where one character has a conflict elements in the story such as school, community, the law, etc.
Person

Elements of Fiction (continued)

KINDS OF CONFLICT
vs. Self is a type of conflict where a character has a trouble with himself in coming up with decisions Person vs. Nature is a type of conflict where a character has a problem with some natural phenomena found in nature such as storm, earthquake, flood, etc. Person vs. Fate is a type of conflict where a character has to battle what seems to be an uncontrollable chain of events, whether coincidence or strange consequences of his
Person

Elements of Fiction (continued)

5.

Point of View determines the narrator of the story, the one who tells it from a storytellers perspective TYPES OF POINT OF VIEW
Person is a character narrator who tells the story in the I voice expressing his own views. He is either a main or minor character that tells the story in his own words Third Person Omniscient is a narrator that tells the story from an all-knowing point of view. He sees the mind of all characters
First

Elements of Fiction (continued)

TYPES OF POINT OF VIEW
Person Limited has a narrator that tells only what he can see or he can hear inside the world of a story. This is also known as camera technique narrator since he does not reveal what other characters see or feel Third Person Central has a narrator that limits narration to what the central character thinks, feels, and does, Third Person Editorial has a narrator that comments on the action by telling the readers its significance or evaluating the behavior of the
Third

Elements of Fiction (continued)

6.

Theme is the main idea, the moving force, what its all about, the why behind the what, a universal concept, the big picture and the major insight and the raison d etre.

Motif is the repetition of a predominant image in a story Ways of analyzing the theme
Isolate some general motifs youve noticed in a work Provide specific examples Draw inferences from your observations

Elements of Fiction (continued)

7.

Moral is the gem of thought or the lesson imparted by the With great power comes with great responsibility Moral of the movie Spiderman

Elements of Poetry
A.

Sense of the Poem

Denotation vs. Connotation this is the dictionary meaning while the other is suggested or implied meaning associated with the word beyond its dictionary definition Imagery is the use of sensory details or descriptions that appeal to one or more of the five senses: Figurative Language is a language use for descriptive effect in order to convey ideas or emotion which are not literally true but express some truth beyond the literal level

Elements of Poetry
A.

Sense of the Poem

Denotation vs. Connotation this is the dictionary meaning while the other is suggested or implied meaning associated with the word beyond its dictionary definition Imagery is the use of sensory details or descriptions that appeal to one or more of the five senses

Elements of Poetry

Figurative Language is a language use for descriptive effect in order to convey ideas or emotion which are not literally true but express some truth beyond the literal level Figures of Speech are specific devices or a kind of figurative language that uses words, phrases and sentences in a non-literal definition but rather gives meanings or abstractions

Elements of Poetry
B.

Sound of the Poem

1.

Tone Color is achieved through repetition Repetition of Single Sound

Alliteration is the repetition of similar accented sound at the beginning of words Full fathom five, thy father lies... William Shakespeare 2. Assonance is the repetition of similar accented vowel sounds Thou still unravished bride of quietness, Thou foster child of silence and slow time John Keats

Elements of Poetry
Consonance is the repetition of similar consonant sound typically within or at the end of words Out of this house said rider to reader Yours never will said farer to fearer Theyre looking for you said hearer to horror As he left them there, as he left them there. O Where Are You? 4. Rhyme is the repetition of the same stressed vowel sounds and any succeeding sounds in two or more words I think that I shall never see, A poem as lovely as a tree. - Kilmer
3.

Elements of Poetry
TYPES OF RHYME 1. Internal Rhyme is the rhyme within the line Just turn me loose let me straddle my old saddle - Cole Porter 2. Terminal Rhyme is the found at the end of the line Once upon a midnight dreary, While I pondered weak and weary... - Edgar Allan Poe

Elements of Poetry
Masculine Rhyme occurs when the last stressed syllable of the rhyming words match exactly The plays the thing Wherein Ill catch the conscience of the King
3.

Feminine Rhyme involves two consecutive syllables of the rhyming words, with the first syllable stressed The horse were prancing As the clowns were dancing
4.

Elements of Poetry

Rhyme Scheme is the pattern of rhyme form that ends a stanza or a poem. The rhyme scheme is designated by the assignment of letter of the alphabet to each new rhyme.
-a -b -a -b -b

Helen, thy beauty is to me Like those Nicean barks of yore, That gently, oer a perfumed sea, The weary, way-worn wanderer bore To his own native shore - To Helen

Elements of Poetry
C.

Structure of the Poem

Rhythm is the pattern of beats created by the arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables. It gives musical quality and adds emphasis to certain words and thus helps convey the meaning of the poem.

The effect is derived from the sounds employed, the varying pitches, stresses, volumes and durations.

Scansion is the analysis of a poems form and structure

Elements of Poetry
C.

Structure of the Poem

Foot usually contains an accented syllable and one or two unaccented syllables.
This is the basic building block of poetry. It is composed of a pattern of syllables. These pattern create a meter of a poem We figure this pattern out by counting the stressed and unstressed syllables in a line. Unstressed syllables are indicated with a () and stressed syllables with a ()

Elements of Poetry
FIVE COMMON FOOT PATTERNS 1. The iamb (to day) (be cause) 2. The trochee (ha ppy) (light ly) 3. The anapest (ob vi ous) (re gu lar) 4. The dactyl (cig a rette) (in ter rupt) 5. The spondee (down town) (slip shod)

TABLE OF METRICAL FEET

Name of Foot Pattern of Accent

Iambic Trochaic Anapestic Dactylic Spondaic

Unaccented, accented Accented, unaccented Unaccented, unaccented, accented Accented, unaccented, unaccented Accented, accented

Elements of Poetry

Line the poetic line is measured by the number of feet it contains

Name of feet per line 1 foot 2 feet 3 feet 4 feet Dimeter Trimeter Tetrameter Measure Monometer

5 feet 6 feet
7 feet 8 feet

Pentameter Hexameter
Heptameter Octameter

Elements of Poetry

Stanza is the product of syllables to form feet, feet form lines, and lines form stanza
Name of line/s 1 line 2 lines 3 lines A line Couplet Tercet Name of stanza

4 lines
5 lines 6 lines 7 lines 8 lines

Quatrain
Cinquain Sestet Septet Octave

Elements of Poetry

Other Elements of a Poem Stanza is the product of syllables to form feet, feet form lines, and lines form stanza

Elements of Drama
1.

2.

Setting identifies the time and place in which the events occur. It consists of the historical period, the moment, day and season when the incidents take place. Character the people involved in the play and thus considered the principal material in a drama Character Aspects
a.

Physical identifies peripheral facts such as age, gender category, size, race, and color. It deals with external attributes which may be envisaged from the description of the playwright or deduced from the play

Elements of Drama

Character Aspects
b.

c.

Social embraces all aspects that can be gleaned from the characters world or environment as exemplified by the economic status, occupation or trade, creed, familial affiliation of the characters Psychological discloses the inner mechanism of the mind of the characters as exemplified by his habitual responses, attitudes, longings, purposes, likes and dislikes. It is considered as the most indispensable level of characterization because routines and emotions, thouhts, attitudes and behavior reveals the character

Elements of Drama

Character Aspects
d.

Moral discloses the decisions of the characters, either socially acceptable or not, exposing their intentions, thus projecting what is upright or not.

Elements of Drama
Plot lays out the series of events that form the entirety of the play. It serves as a structural framework which brings the events to a cohesive form and sense TYPES OF PLOT
3.

Plot is a chronological sequence of events arrangement where actions continuously take place as an end-result of the previous action Episodic Plot is made up of a series of episodes
Natural

Elements of Drama
PLOT AS A FRAMEWORK 1. Beginning identifies information about the place, such as geographical location, social, cultural, political background or period when the event took place
Exposition

is the point where the playwright commences his story. It reveals the identity of the storys initial crisis

Elements of Drama
EXPOSITORY APPROACHES 1. Unfolding Plot establishes the story at a point near the climax, conclusion or end. The events leading to the climax are assumed to have taken place and thus revealed little by little
2.

Accretive Plot begins the narration from

the very first incident to its peak. An early point of attack is expected; however the sequence of events moves chronologically

Elements of Drama

1.

2.

3.

Middle is composed of a series of difficulties Complications bring changes and alterations in the movement of the action which takes place when discovery of novel information, unexpected alteration of plan choosing between courses of action or preface of new ideas are revealed Crisis reveals the peak of anticipation in the series of incidents Obligatory scene identifies the open collision between two opposing characters or forces

Elements of Drama
Discovery discloses points which are previously unknown, characterized as something mystrious, strange, unfamiliar and thus revealed through objects, persons, facts, values, or self-discovery. Ending is the final major component of the story which brings the condition back to its stability. This part brings satisfaction to the audence, which extends to the final curtain as peace is completely restored
4.

4.

5.

Theme is considered as the unifying element that defines the dramatized idea of the play Style refers to the mode of expression or presentation of the play which points out the playwrights position or view in life.