MATH 3250 Fluid Dynamics 1.

Aerodynamics.

What is Aerodynamics?
Aerodynamics is a branch of fluid dynamics that deals

with the motion of air and other gaseous fluids.

It deals primarily with the forces in which these

gaseous fluids apply to different bodies moving through them.

History
The word aerodynamics did not actually come about

until the early 1800s.

For centuries, many philosophers, scientists,

mathematicians and great thinkers observed certain behaviours that occur when objects move through air and other gaseous fluids.
As such, they came up with various theories, concepts

and ideas related to aerodynamics.

 Aristotle Greek Philosopher (350B.C.) Archimedes Greek Philosopher (250 B.C.) Leonardo Da Vinci Italian Painter (1490) Galileo Galilei Italian Mathematician. Sir George Cayley - English Mathematician . Dr. Ludwig Prandtl German Scientist.

Some applications of Aerodynamics

Aircrafts Wind Turbines Automobiles (eg. Formula 1 Race cars, Trucks) Rockets and Missiles Ships, Sail boats, etc. Trains Wind Tunnelling Calculation of wind loads on Bridges and large buildings Kites, Paper Planes, etc.

The Airfoil.

In the above figure the wing extends in the y direction. This is called the Span Direction. The freestream velocity V is parallel to the xz plane. Any section of the wing cut by a plane parallel to the xz plane is called an Airfoil.

 Since we are dealing with an Inviscid Flow we are not

able to predict aerofoil drag. Jean LeRond dAlembert obtained a result of zero drag for the inviscid, incompressible flow over a 2 D body in 1744. Then again in 1752 and in 1768. This is the so called dAlembert Paradox. dAlembert Paradox says that the drag on the airfoil is zero clearly not the realistic answer. Viscous flows must be accounted for in order to account for drag. Lift and moments on the airfoil are due mainly to the pressure distribution which (below the stall due to flow separation) is dictated by inviscid flow.

 The first modern configurational aircraft was

conceived and built by the Englishman Sir. George Cayley. It was an elementary hand-launched glider, about a meter in length and had a kite-like shape for a wing.

 The first patented airfoil shapes were developed by the

Englishman Horatio F. Phillips in 1884. He also carried out the first (low speed) wind tunnel experiments on airfoils.

Assumptions: The fluid is Newtonian. Flight path is isolated, meaning external forces like wind is negligible. Flow velocity around the plane is slow compared to speed of sound. Let q = velocity of the airflow, F = external force, p = pressure, = pressure, and = viscosity of the fluid.

 Then the flow may be governed by the Navier-Stokes

equations for a Newtonian incompressible fluid:

(1)

Under the flow conditions described above, we may take the flow to be steady and irrotational.
Then

and

 Now
Hence equation (1) becomes: (2)

Note that , so the fluid is considered viscous although equation (2) resembles Eulers Equation of Motion for an inviscid fluid. Finally, assume that the air density near and around the paper plane is constant. Then :

Thus, equation (2) reduces to:

=>

 We may assume that the force F acting on the paper

plane is comprised of the weight W and lift L. Hence F = W + L:

FL = FL = W

FD =
CD = f(Re)
+

Conclusion:
By assuming that the air around the paper plane behaves like a Newtonian Fluid and the velocity of the plane is small we were able to show that under

the assumption of an Incompressible Fluid the Navier-Stokes Equation reduces to the Euler's Equation of Motion for an Inviscid Fluid when the flow is steady and irrotational. Through ideas such as these and through the work of many Scientists and Engineers the era of manned flight was born.

Current World Record Holder: Mr. Ken Blackburn (American). Flight of 27.6 seconds in duration at the Georgia Dome, G.A. October 8th, 1998.

Thank You.