Evolution of Pharmacy in

U.S.A.

Greatest of the Pharmacists-Chemists

Carl Wilhelm Scheele Discovered oxygen, chorine, prussic acid, tartaric acid, tungsten, molybdenum, glycerin, and countless other organic compounds

Americas First Apothecary General

Andrew Craigie Duties included procurement, storage, manufacture, and distribution of the Armys drug requirements Developed wholesaling and manufacturing business

Serturner First of the Alkaloid Chemists

gave the world opiums chief narcotic principle, morphine recognized and proved the importance of a new class of organic substances which is alkaloids

Caventou, Pelletier and Quinine

isolated emetine from ipecacuanha in 1817; strychnine and brucine from nux vomica in 1818 Introduced methods for separation of quinine and cinchona from cinchona barks prepared pure salts and set up manufacturing facilities

Stanislas Limousin Pharmaceutical Inventor

gifted in combining scientific knowledge with technical skill introduced the medicine dropper, the system of coloring poisons and wafer cachets

Stanislas Limousin Pharmaceutical Inventor

His greatest contribution - development and perfection of apparatus for the inhalation - therapeutic administration of oxygen - invention of glass ampoules that could be sealed and sterilized for preservation of solutions for hypodermic use

The Shakers and Medicinal Herbs

First U.S. industry in medicinal herbs Carried out by the United Society of Believers commonly known as the Shakers in 1820

The Shakers and Medicinal Herbs

gathered 200 varieties of plants, dried, chopped and pressed them into bricks and wrapped, labeled and sold them to pharmacists and physicians The Shaker label was recognized for reliability and quality for more than a century.

American Pharmacy Builds its Foundations

Faced with 2 major threats
Deterioration of the practice of pharmacy Discriminatory classification by the University of Pennsylvania medical faculty

Pharmacists of Philadelphia formed an association which became The Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, a school of Pharmacy and a self-policing board

American Pharmacy Builds its Foundations

68 pharmacists signed the Constitution of the first pharmaceutical association in U.S. (The American Pharmaceutical Association) Opened membership to Daniel B. Smith, 1st president William Procter, Jr., 1st secretary All pharmacists and druggist

The Father of American Pharmacy

William Procter, Jr. Graduated from The Philadelphia College of Pharmacy in 1837 Leader in founding The American Pharmaceutical Association Served as the first secretary of the organization; later as president

The Pharmacopoeia Comes of Age

1st United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) was the work of the medical profession (1820) 1st book of drug standards from a professional source to accepted by a nation

The Pharmacopoeia Comes of Age

U.S.P. was in danger of dissolution due to lack of interest of the medical profession Dr. Edward R. Squibb took the problem to the American Pharmaceutical Association convention Pharmacist formed a Committee on Revision chaired by hospital pharmacist Charles Rice, assisted by pharmacisteducator Joseph P. Remington, and Dr. Squibb, their collaborator

 By 19th century, pharmacy began to show some independence from medicine. drug merchants, importers or operations of general stores grew more knowledgeable and ambitions the need for higher competence and standards were felt among the druggist

The Era of Biological

Announcement of the effectiveness of diphtheria antitoxin by Behring and Roux led to its pharmaceutical production
Inoculation of horses with diphtheria toxin was the first step in producing antitoxin

The Development of Chemotherapy

Ernest Francois Fourneau Auguste

headed chemical laboratories in the world-renowned Institute Pasteur in Paris His early work with bismuth and arsenic compounds advanced the treatment of syphilis paved the way for the life-saving sulfonamide compounds

The Era of Antibiotics

1st observed by Pasteur in 1877
Followed by Fleming in 1929, and Florey and Chain in 1940 Discoveries of antibiotics came rapidly in the 40s

During World War II, mass production of penicillin have reduced costs to 1/1000th

European and American Pharmacy Meet

First meeting Second International Congress of Pharmacy in Paris, France in 1867

19th century
1st International Pharmacopeia Geneva, Switzerland published by WHO in 1951