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Ambient refers to Open-air to differentiate from indoor or workplace air quality Indoor air pollution Pollution of the workplace air such as factory buildings (generated by the pollutants emitted during the process) Household air pollution refers to the air pollution in houses from indoor sources.

Sometimes pollution level of the indoor air might be higher than that of the outside air. If there are no sources in the house than indoor air quality should be better than that of ambient air, surfaces in the houses can absorb or react with gaseous pollutants and retain particles. But, there are some indoor sources .......... Furniture, carpets, wall paints, Most important ......... Kitchen

AIR QUALITY Air quality is determined by measuring pollutants

Air quality monitoring stations Figure


What parameters ............ Demage to humans Demage to ecosystem Demage to buildings Where to measure ......... Sensitive receptors How frequently to measure
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Figure 4.1
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AVERAGING TIME An air pollution by a record rapid is measured response

6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1

Rapid response instrument

(a)

instrument

given in Figure 4-1 (a). Same records recorded by instruments with 15 min, 1 hr, 6 hr averaging times are shown in Figure 4-1 (b), (c), and (d).

Time (hours) 5
4 3 2 1 0 0 5 4 3 2 1 2 3 Time (hours) 4 5 6 15 min integration time

(b)

1-hr integration time

(c)
1 2 3 Time (hours) 4 5 6

You

can

construct

the

figures b, c, and d from figure a, but converse is not true

0 0
5 4 3 2 1 0 0

6-hr integration time

(d)
5
1 2 3 Time (hours) 4 5 6

Figure 4.1

Time intervals involved in these

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Rapid response instrument

measurements
averaging times.

are

called

(a)

Averaging times that should be used is determined by the regulations. Generally continuous records such as that given in Figure 4-1 (a) is not very useful for regulatory purposes. E.g., the Turkish Air Quality

Time (hours) 5
4 3 2 1 0 0 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 Time (hours) 4 5 6 15 min integration time

(b)

1-hr integration time

(c)
1 2 3 Time (hours) 4 5 6

0 0
5 4 3 2 1 0 0

Regulation

have

two

different

standards, namely short term 24 hr average and long-term annual average.

6-hr integration time

(d)
6
1 2 3 Time (hours) 4 5 6

Figure 4.1
7 6 Rapid response instrument

Your averaging times should


reveal information for these and measurements should at

5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

(a)

least be able to give 24 hr


average.

Time (hours) 5
4 3 2 1 0 0 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 Time (hours) 4 5 6 15 min integration time

Most typical measurements


is hourly.

(b)

Most modern instruments


can measure with few second averaging times. Measurements shorter than 1 hr averaging time can be important for scientific purposes

1-hr integration time

(c)
1 2 3 Time (hours) 4 5 6

0 0
5 4 3 2 1 0 0

6-hr integration time

(d)
7
1 2 3 Time (hours) 4 5 6

CYCLES Pollutant concentrations show some typical cyclic behavior. It is important to understand these: To assess the effects on the receptors To determine the averaging times of the instruments.

Diurnal cycle (day-night)


Due to diurnal changes in the emissions (emissions from all sorts of anthropogenic sources are lower at night). Due to diurnal variation in transport Due to diurnal variation in diffusion. E.g., Typical central city diurnal variation in CO concentration is given in Figure 4.2. Week-end, week-day cycle. Associated with variations in source strength.

Seasonal cycles. Due to seasonal variations in the climate and weather. E.g., Seasonal variation of suspended particulate matter concentration is given in Figure 4.3.

50 g m-3 0 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66

Figure 4.3. Seasonal variation of suspended particulate matter concentration


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Year-to-year (long term trends).


Source strengths may increase or decrease in time. E.g., If population in an area will increase emissions will increase. If

effective control measures are taken, emission decrease in time.


increasing and decreasing changes in time are called trends. E.g., Air pollution in Ankara decrease with time. Figure 4.4. SO4 levels in ubuk decrease with time. Figure X. Figure 4.7 shows trends in CO air quality indicators

These

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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY POLLUTANTS

Substances pollutants.

directly

emitted

from

sources

are

called

primary

Pollutants produces in the air are called secondary pollutants.


E.g., Acid rain formed from SO2, O3 produced from reaction of HCs

and NO2

Primary and secondary pollutants is given in Figure 4.6.

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Primary pollutants that react to form secondary pollutants are called precursors Primary pollutants are more visible, hence attract more attention. E.g., A black plume coming out from stack is the primary concern. Although, primary pollutants are not harmless, most of the adverse effects of air pollution is produced by the secondary pollutants. E.g., Plant, forest or lake damage due to acid rain, eye irritation as a

result of photochemical smog are all produced by the secondary pollutants

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AIR QUALITY LEVELS Refer to the concentration values of pollutants that are being

regulated.
Poor air quality for a particular day indicate that the

concentrations of pollutants are high in that particular day

Good air quality indicate concentrations are low in that day.


2. High or low relative to what? Air quality levels are related to the standards that are

effective.
2. Which Pollutants?

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What types of pollutants take place in air quality standards? Usually the ones that have; health effects on humans, adverse effects on: animals, Plants material.

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Usually one or two pollutants are used to monitor certain type of pollution.

SO2 and SPM10 are used to monitor air pollution originating from
combustion of fossil fuels.

NOx, NO and NO2 are used to monitor pollution originating from motor vehicles,

O3 is used to monitor photochemical smog.

What determines: Ease of measurement, represeantativeness. Eg. There is many more organic compounds generally in teh form

aldehydes, ketones produced in photochem smog formation, but their measurements is diffcult.

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Heavy metals such as Pb, and Cd are used to monitor heavy metal
pollution from motor vehicles and combustion sources, respectively.

Some of the pollutants are monitored where their emissions are high
because of their toxicity. streets. Table 1 gives parameters that should be monitored according to Turkish Eg. Hydrocarbons (HC) and CO at busy

Air Quality Regulation.

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Display of Air Quality Data Air quality data consists of 1-hr or 24-hr averaged concentration values of various parameters that are being monitored. These values should be summarized in tables and figures so that they indicate Short-term variations Long-term variation Frequency of occurrences

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Typical presentation of data includes:

Time series plots to show short-term variations, frequency of


episodes Figure 4.8

Time-series of SO2 in Ankara


600 SO2 conc (g m-3)

500
400 300 200 100 0 20222430 2 4 6 232527 212325 1 3 5 22242614 3 5 7 242628 7 9 7 9 11 9 11 13 2 4 6 232527 6 8 10 8 1012101214 Day
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Hourly averages in a day to show day-time, night-time


(diurnal) cycles

Hourly average O3 concentrations in Ankara


160 Ozone conc (ppbv) 150

140
130 120 110 100 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
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Hours of day

Monthly averages which is good to show seasonal variations

Monthly average SO2 concentrations in Ankara


80 70 60 Conc ng m-3

50
40 30 20 10 0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

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Yearly averages (if you have long enough data) to show long
term trends

Ankara SO2
500 400 ug m-3 300 200 100 0 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 SO2 PM
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Pollution rose to show sources effecting the monitoring station


SO2

0 337,5 315 30 25 20 292,5 15 10 5 270 90 67,5 22,5 45

247,5

112,5

225 202,5 180 157,5

135

Figure 9. SO2 Pollution rose

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akmakl 2 km

F5
33 32 31 30 29 28 34 35 36 1 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 22 16 14 15

1.5 1 0.5

Horozgedii 0.4 km

27 26 25 24 23

21 20

17 19 18

Kozbeyli 3.4 km

N NW NE

SW S

SE

The median is a concentration value such that 50% of the measured concentrations are higher than it (naturally 50% of the measured concentrations are lower than the median)

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E.g.,

If following SO2 concentrations (in g m-3) are measured in a

monitoring program: 73, 35, 46, 23, 136, 45, 68, 34, 95, 103, 76. List then from high to low 136, 103, 95, 76, 73, 68, 46, 45, 35, 34, 23 Since there is 11 measurements value #6 which is 68 g m-3.

This may look like arithmetic mean but median is not equal to average. It
is equal to average only if the distribution of the data is normal (Gaussian). But atmospheric concentrations of all sorts show a lognormal distribution.

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Gaussian Distribution: Bell shaped distribution. Represented by arithmetic mean (average). Standard deviation ( ) is the 1 2 3
x 1 (33%)

range where 1/3 of the values occur (between x - and x + ). Indicated as (x ).

x 1 (66%) x 1 (99%)

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Lognormal distribution: Skewed distribution. Linear line when plotted on logprobability paper. If you take the logarithm of all data then plot frequency distribution it will be bell shaped curve. Log normal distribution is represented by geometric mean (xg) and geometric standard deviation (g). xg = (x1 x2 x3 .. xn)1/n 1/3 of data is between (xg g) and (xg/g)

g
Median

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Air Quality and meteorology

Air quality is strongly dependendt on meteorlogy


Which meteorological parameters? Stability (vertical ventilation) Mixing height Wind speed Wind direction Temperature Rain

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100

0.10 10 100 1000

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N NW 100 75 50 25 0 NE

NW
E

Keiren
SW S S SE

Keiren

100 75 50 25 0 S S

NE

SW

SE

N NW 100 75 50 25 0 NE ankaya E W NW 100 75 50 25 0

N NE ankaya E

SW S

SE

SO2 Winter

SW S

SE

PM-10 Winter

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1200

1000

Al

800 Al conc (ngm-3 )

600

400

200

0 -10

-5

5 Temp (C)

10

15

20

25

33

14 12 10

8
As conc (ngm) 6 4 2 0 0 5 10 15 Temperature 20 25 30 35

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Adverse Responses to Air quality Levels Table 4.5 Examples of Receptor Category Characteristic Response Times Table 4.6 Comparison of Pollutant Standard Index (PSI) Values, Pollutant Levels, and General Health Effects Figure 4.10 Adverse responses to various pollution levels

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7 6 Rapid response instrument 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 Time (hours) 4 5 6 6-hr integration time 1 2 3 Time (hours) 4 5 6 1 2 3 Time (hours) 4 5 6 15 min integration time 1 2 3 Time (hours) 4 5 6

Figure 4.1

(a)

(b)

1-hr integration time

(c)

(d)
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12.00 10.00

8.00
6.00 4.00

2.00 0.00

12

15

18

21

24

Spring

Summer

Fall

Winter

Figure 4.2. Typical central city diurnal variation in CO concentration 39

50 g m-3 0 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66

Figure 4.3. Seasonal variation of suspended particulate matter concentration

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500 400 300 200 100 0

g m-3

1970

1975

1980
Milan

1985
Brussel

1990
Tokyo

1995
Ankara

2000

Figure 4.4 Urban trends in SO2 concentrations


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Variation of SO42- ion concentration at ubuk station between 1993 and 1998
10

1
S;O4 (ug m-3)

0,1

0,01

0,001 93 93 94 94 94 94 95 95 95 96 96 96 96 97 97 97 97 98 98 98

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TYPE OF REACTION

Primary pollutants
Acid gas

Secondary pollutants

Unpolluted Atmosphere

Simple reaction

Alkaline particle

Salt Particle

SO2 Oxidation Reaction H2SO4 Particulate catalyst*

O2

H2O

NH3 NO

(NH4)2SO4 O2 and natural O3

NO2

Pollutant HC* Photochemical Chain reaction O3 NO

Natural HC* Solar energy

S (eg., SO2)

Free radicals Higher Molecular Weight HC Ans sulfurContaining Droplets and particles

O2

Figure 4.6. Primary and secondary pollutants. *Reaction can occur without catalysis

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Table 1. Parameters that should be monitored according to Turkish Air Quality Regulation.
Parameter a) General b) Industrial zone 2. Carbon Monoxide (CO) 3. Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) 4. Nitrogen monoxide (NO) 5. Chloride (Cl 2) 6. Hydrogen chloride (HCl) and 7. Hydrogen Fluoride (HF) and Inorganic fuorine in gaseous form (F?) Unit (g/m3) (g/m3) (g/m3) (g/m3) (g/m3) (g/m ) (g/m3) (g/m3) LTL 150 250 10000 100 200 100 100 STL 400 400 30000 300 600 300 300 10 (30) (900) (900) 1. Sulphur dioxide (SO ) Including Sulphur Trioxide 2

8. Ozone (O3) and photochemical oxidants 9. Hydrocarbons (HC) 10. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) (g/m3) (g/m3)

(240) 140 (280) 40 (100)

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Table 1. Parameters that should be monitored according to Turkish Air Quality Regulation (cntd).
Parameter 11. Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) (particles with diameter less than 10 micron) a) General b) Industrial zone 12. Lead (Pb) in SPM 13. Cadmium (Cd) in SPM 14. Settleable dust (including particulates with diameter greater than 10 micron) a) General b) Industrial zone 15. Lead in settleable dust 16. Cadmium (Cd) in settleable dust 17. Thallium (Tl) in settleable dust (mg/m2day) (mg/m2day ) (mg/m2 day) (mg/m2 day) (mg/m2 day) 350 450 500 7,5 10 650 800 (g/m3) (g/m3) 150 200 2 0.04 300 400 Unit LTL STL

*Values in parenthesis are for maximum hourly reference limit values.

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Table 4.1 Air Quality Measurement

Measure of Averaging Time Year Month Day Hour Minute

Cyclic Factor Measured Annual trend Seasonal cycle Weekly cycle Diurnal cycle Turbulence

Measurement of method with same averaging time Metal specimen Dustfall Hi-vol Sequential sampler Continuous instrument

Effect with same averaging time Corrosion Soiling Human health Vegetation damage Irritation (odor)
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Table 4.2 Air Pollution Concentration at united States Sites, 1980

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Figure 4.7 Trends in CO air quality indicators Source: US EPA, 1992 48

Table 4.3 Mean chemical composition and Atmospheric Concentrations of Suspended Matter sampledby the US EPA inhalable particle and natural National Air Surveillance Networks-g m-3 and percentage of total mass sampled, 1980

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Table 4.3 Continued

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Table 4.4 distribution of cities by population class and particulate matter concentration, 1957-1967

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Monthly average SO2 concentrations in Ankara


80 70 60 Conc ng m-3 50 40 30 20 10 0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

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Ankara SO2
500 400 ug m-3 300 200 100 0 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 SO2 PM

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SO2

0 337,5 315 30 25 20 292,5 15 67,5 22,5 45

10
5 270 90

247,5

112,5

225 202,5 180 157,5

135

Figure 9. SO2 Pollution rose

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Figure 4.8. SO2 concentration versus averaging time and frequency for 1980 at US National Aerometric Data Bank (NADB) Site St. Louis 55

Figure 4.9. Frequency of 1-hr average SO2 concentrations equal to or greater than stated values During 1980 at US NADB site St. Louis
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Table 4.5 Examples of Receptor Category Characteristic Response Times

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Table 4.6 Comparison of Pollutant Standard Index (PSI) Values, Pollutant Levels, and General Health Effects

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Table 4.6 Continued

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Figure 4.10. Adverse responses to various pollution levels 60

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