Fundamentals of Information Technology

M R NarasingaRao Professor

Unit-1 Fundamentals of Computers

Computer Data and Information Processing the data Program Hardware and Software Computer Architecture Organization of a simple Computer

Unit-1 Fundamentals of Computers

Central Processing Unit Processor, brain Main function Functional Units Control Unit flow of data and instructions to and from memory Interprets the instruction.

Unit-1 Fundamentals of Computers

Arithmetic Logical Unit * performs arithmetic operations Registers * High speed memory units Memory * Data and programs are stored Types * Internal Memory *Primary/ main memory *Cache Memory *Secondary Memory

Unit-1 Fundamentals of Computers

Internal Memory * Registers * small memory units * Volatile memory Primary/Main memory * Any location can be accessed in any order *Two Types RAM and ROM * RAM ( Volatile) * ROM( Non-Volatile)

Unit-1 Fundamentals of Computers

Firm ware Writing is not possible PROM Programs to be executed by the CPU Cache Memory Primary Memory *Cheaper and slow Cache Memory * Faster Parts of the program or data Costlier Smaller in Size

Unit-1 Fundamentals of Computers

Two types of Cache * Internal Cache * External Cache Internal Cache * within the cpu * speed and size External Cache * CPU, RAM and ROM * Faster that RAM and ROM

Unit-1 Fundamentals of Computers

Secondary Memory *Execution of programs * Slower * Hard disk, CD, Floppy * properties * large size * contents stored are permanent * Time * Cost

Unit-1 Fundamentals of Computers

Bus :

* set of wires * high way * internal Components * data, address and commands * Bus Vs purposes * unidirectional/bidirectional

Unit-1 Fundamentals of Computers

Categories Databus * Actualdata, bidirectional Addressbus *Address of a memory location, unidirectional cpu-memory-i/o devices bus width( 16bit, 32 bit) speed of a bus, MHz

Unit-1 Fundamentals of Computers

Different types of registers in CPU * general purpose registers * special purpose registers General purpose registers R1,R2, A (Accumulator) Special purpose registers Temporary storage of data for calculations and other purposes

Unit-1 Fundamentals of Computers

MAR * Address of the instruction MBR * Data/instruction fetched from the memory location IR * stores the instructions picked up from the memory * memory-MBR-IR PC * points to the instruction that need to be fetched from the memory * incremented by default

Unit-1 Fundamentals of Computers

CPU
CU PC

Main Memory

ALU

MAR

IR GPR MBR