Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Module 8
Where are we?
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Take-off performance (1 of 2)
Take-off Performance
Introduction
AEO Take-off distance and take-off run
OEI Take-off distance and take-off run
Accelerate-stop distance
Speed versus distance
Minimum runway length required
Distance versus V1
Balanced field length
Field length limited take-off weight
Take-off speeds
Speed and time increments from VR to 35 ft
Calculation of take-off speeds
Typical take-off performance data
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Take-off performance (1 of 2)
Introduction
Take-off performance analysis is the most complex aspect of aircraft
performance
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Take-off performance (1 of 2)
Introduction (Cont’d)
The focus of this module is
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Take-off performance (1 of 2)
Introduction (Cont’d)
Take-off profile
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Take-off performance (1 of 2)
Introduction (Cont’d)
Take-off performance data is certified
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Take-off performance (1 of 2)
AEO take-off distance and take-off run
AEO take-off distance (TOD AEO) and take-off run (TOR AEO)
• TOD AEO extends from brake release to the point where the aircraft
reaches the screen height (35 ft above the runway)
• TOR AEO extends from brake release to the point halfway between
lift-off and the point where the aircraft reaches 35 ft
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Take-off performance (1 of 2)
AEO take-off distance and take-off run (cont’d)
Rotation at VR
• VLOF AEO is the airspeed at which the main gear tires leave the
ground during an AEO take-off
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Take-off performance (1 of 2)
AEO take-off distance and take-off run (cont’d)
• During an AEO take-off, the aircraft will reach a speed not less
than V2 at 35 ft and will continue to accelerate to a fixed steady
state climb speed (V2 + 10 kts is typical)
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Take-off performance (1 of 2)
AEO take-off distance and take-off run (cont’d)
FAR / JAR 25 requirements specify that TOD AEO and TOR AEO be
multiplied by a factor of 1.15 before being used to establish field-
length limited take-off weights
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Take-off performance (1 of 2)
OEI take-off distance and take-off run
OEI take-off distance (TOD OEI) and take-off run (TOR OEI)
• TOD OEI extends from brake release to the point where the aircraft
is 35 ft above the runway
• TOR OEI extends from brake release to the point half way between
lift-off and the point where the aircraft reaches 35 ft
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Take-off performance (1 of 2)
OEI take-off distance and take-off run (cont’d)
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Take-off performance (1 of 2)
OEI take-off distance and take-off run (cont’d)
The time delay between VEF and V1 is called the engine failure
recognition time (∆tREC)
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Take-off performance (1 of 2)
OEI take-off distance and take-off run (cont’d)
FAR / JAR 25 does not allow performance credit for use of thrust
reversers when calculating dry runway take-off performance
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Take-off performance (1 of 2)
Accelerate-stop distance (Cont’d)
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Take-off performance (1 of 2)
Accelerate-stop distance (cont’d)
Demonstrated accelerate-stop distance
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Take-off performance (1 of 2)
Accelerate-stop distance (cont’d)
• ASD AFM is based on the most limiting of ASD AEO and ASD OEI
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Take-off performance (1 of 2)
Accelerate-stop distance (cont’d)
Comparison of ASD AEO and ASD OEI for a given V1 speed
• ASD AEO tends to be greater than ASD OEI when operating on a dry
runway
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Take-off performance (1 of 2)
Speed versus distance
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Take-off performance (1 of 2)
Minimum runway length required
FTOD AEO
Note: Based on a simple
TOD OEI scenario with no stopway,
no clearway and no
ASD AEO runway alignment
distance
ASD OEI
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Take-off performance (1 of 2)
Distance versus V1
ASD (AEO)
ASD (OEI)
Minimum
Distance
(BFL)
FTOD (AEO)
TOD (OEI)
V1
Optimum V1
V1 = V1B
Take-off performance (1 of 2)
Balanced Field Length (BFL)
V1 is a speed that is determined by the pilot before take-off
ASD increases as V1 is increased
TOD OEI reduces as V1 is increased
Minimum runway length required when V1 = V1B (balanced V1)
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Take-off performance (1 of 2)
Balanced Field Length (cont’d)
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Take-off performance (1 of 2)
Field length limited take-off weight (Cont’d)
A stopway is an area beyond the runway, no less wide than the
width of the runway and centrally located about the extended center
line of the runway. A stopway must be able to support the airplane
during a rejected take-off without causing structural damage to the
airplane. Stopways must be designated by the airport authorities for
use in decelerating the airplane during the rejected take-off. It is
permitted to use the stopway during an accelerate-stop.
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Take-off performance (1 of 2)
Field length limited take-off weight (cont’d)
Airport data is sometimes based on following definitions:
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Take-off performance (1 of 2)
Take-off speeds (Cont’d)
V1MCG is the minimum V1 speed based on VMCG considerations
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Take-off performance (1 of 2)
Take-off speeds (cont’d)
VR must respect the following limits
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Take-off performance (1 of 2)
Take-off speeds (cont’d)
VMU1 is the minimum unstick speed with OEI, i.e. the minimum
speed at which the aircraft can lift-off from the ground and climb
safely with OEI
VMU2 is the minimum unstick speed with AEO, i.e. the minimum
speed at which the aircraft can lift-off from the ground and climb
safely with AEO
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Take-off performance (1 of 2)
Take-off speeds (cont’d)
V2 must respect the following limits
The diagram on the next slide shows the various limits that must be
considered for V1, VR and V2
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Take-off performance (1 of 2)
Take-off speeds (cont’d)
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Take-off performance (1 of 2)
Speed and time increments from VR to 35 ft
Speed and time increments between rotation, lift-off and 35 ft are measured during
take-off performance tests and form the basis for calculation of:
• VR and V2
Speed and time increments are normally plotted as a function of reference climb /
acceleration parameter such as gradient at 35 ft
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Take-off performance (1 of 2)
Speed and time increments from VR to 35 ft (Cont’d)
From VR to VLOF
OEI AEO
n c e with
ia
f o r c ompl ements)
( ir
m u requ
V
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Take-off performance (1 of
- θ2)
Speed and time increments from VR to 35 ft (Cont’d)
From VLOF to 35 ft
ΔV is a ground speed increment
GRAD35 = (T-D)/W – θ based on a speed of V2 and gear up
OEI AEO
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Take-off performance (1 of 2) - θ
Calculation of take-off speeds
Take-off speeds VR and V2 are calculated using:
• Assume V2 = V2min
- FTOD AEO
- TOD OEI
- ASD AEO
- ASD OEI
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Take-off performance (1 of 2)
Typical take-off performance data
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Take-off performance (1 of 2)
Typical take-off performance data
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Take-off performance (1 of 2)