Typhoid Fever

( Enterica )

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Typhoid fevers are prevalent in many
regions in the World

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Etiology of Typhoid fever
 Typhoid fever is a bacterial disease,
caused by Salmonella typhi.
 It is transmitted through the ingestion of food or
drink contaminated by the faeces or urine of
infected people.
 Paratyphoid fevers are produced by other
species named Paratyphi A, B, C
 It is similar in its symptoms to typhoid fever, but
tends to be milder, with lower fatality rate.
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Bacteriology –Typhoid fever
 The Genus
Salmonella belong to
Enterobactericiae
 Facultative anaerobe
 Gram negative bacilli
 Distinguished from
other bacteria by
Biochemical and
antigen structure
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Antigenic structure of Salmonella
 Two sets of antigens
 Detection by serotyping
 Somatic ( O ) Antigens.
 Flagellar ( H ) Antigens.

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How Typhoid fever spreads

 S.Typhi lives only in humans.

 Persons with typhoid fever carry the bacteria in
their bloodstream and intestinal tract.
 Small number of persons, called carriers ,
recover from typhoid fever but continue to carry
the bacteria.
 Both ill persons and carriers shed S. Typhi in
their feces (stool).

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Clinical features

Typhoid fever (enteric fever) is a septicemia,

illness characterized by fever, bradycardia,
splenomegaly, abdominal symptoms and 'rose
spots' which are clusters of pink mauls on the
skin.
Complications such as intestinal hge or
perforation can develop in untreated patients or
when treatment is delayed.

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Pathology and Pathogenesis of
Enteric fever
 Caused by
S. typhi
S.paratyphi
A BC
 The organisms penetrate ileal mucosa, reach mesentric lymph
nodes via Lymphatics, Multiply.
 In 7 – 10 days invade blood stream via thoracic duct → Liver, GB,
spleen, Kidney, BM.
 From GB, further invasion occurs in intestines
 Involvement of peyr’s patches, gut lymphoid tissue →
inflammatory reaction, and infiltration with monocular cells
→ necrosis, Sloughing and formation of chacterstic
typhoid ulcers

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Clinical presentation
 Ingestion to onset of fever varies from 3 –
50 days (2 weeks).
 Insidious onset, early symptoms are vague
 Dull continuous headache
 Abdominal tenderness discomfort may present
with constipation.
 Step ladder pattern FEVER that fall by crisis in
3rd – 4th week

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Other manifestations
 Relative bradycardia
 Hepatomegaly
 Splenomegaly

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Rashes in Typhoid
 Rose spots, discrete
pink maculae's found
in front of chest
 Appear in crops of
upto a dozen at a time
 Fade after 3 – 4 days

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Complication in Typhoid

 Intestinal hge and perforation

 If not diagnosed can lead to fatal
complications.

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Relapse

 Apparent recovery can be followed by

relapse in 5 – 10 % of untreated patients
 On few occasions relapses can be severe
and may be fatal.

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Typhoid carriers
 30% of typhoid survivors become carriers.
 In carriers the bacteria remain hidden
inside cells and the GB, causing new
infections as they are shed from an
apparently healthy host.

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Diagnosis of
Enteric Fever

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Blood Cultures in Typhoid Fevers
 Bacteremia occurs
early in the disease
 Blood Cultures are
positive in

1st week in 90%

2nd week in 75%
3rd week in 60%
4th week and later in
25%
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Other methods in Isolation of Enteric
Pathogens
 Feces Culture
 Urine Culture
 BM cultures ( Highly Sensitive )

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Diagnosis of Carriers
 Useful in screening food handlers, cooks, to
detect carrier state
 Typhoid bacilli can be isolated from feces or
from bile aspirates
 Detection of Vi agglutinins in the Blood can be
determinant of carrier state.
Diagnosis of Enteric Fever
Widal test
 Serum agglutinins raise abruptly during the 2nd or 3rd
week
 The widal test detects antibodies against O and H
antigens
 Two serum specimens obtained at intervals of 7 – 10
days to read the raise of antibodies.
 Serial dilutions on unknown sera are tested against the
antigens for respective Salmonella
 False positives and False negative limits the utility of the
test
 Cross reactions limits the specificity

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Significant Titers helps in Diagnosis
 The following titers are
significant when single
sample is tested
O > 1 in 160
H > 1 in 320
Testing a paired sample
for raise of titers has
greater significance

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Antimicrobial Therapy in Typhoid
 Previously Choramphenicol was the drug of
choice for the treatment of typhoid fever. But
increasing resistance to it has prompted the use
of other antibiotics .
 3rd generation cephalosporins, like Ceftriaxone,
and Flouroquinolones, like ciprofloxacin and
levofloxacin are the drugs of choice for
treatment of typhoid fever.

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Vaccines for Typhoid Prevention

 Two types of vaccines are available

 Oral and Injectable
 Oral – live oral vaccine ( typhoral ) - One capsule given
orally taken before food, with glass of water or milk, on 1,
3, 5 days ( three doses ). No antibiotics should be taken
during the period of administration of vaccine
 The inject able vaccine, ( typhim –vi) - Given as single
subcutaneous or intramuscular injection
 Immunity lasts for 3 years. Need a booster

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