ORAL ENGLISH ENHANCEMENT

UNIVERSITY OF SAINT LOUIS TUGUEGARAO

It isnt what you say but how you say it.

It is what you say and how you say it."

PARALANGUAGE Meaning is conveyed by the voice.

1.Loudness level 2.Rate of speech 3.How rapidly or slowly one speaks

4. The way silence is used 5. The range of vocal pitches 6. Vocal quality of the speaker

VOICE

VOICE vehicle by which people share/transmit ideas - connects the speaker and the listener

Elements: Volume the intensity, the loudness or softness of the speakers voice

Rate speed of speech Pitch highness or lowness Variety volume, pitch, rate

Read the following sentences.

1. THIS IS NORMAL LOUDNESS.

2.THIS IS VERY LOUD.

3. This is soft.

Read the following phrases and sentences.

1. Hello there. HELLO

THERE!

HELLO THERE!
2. Speech laboratory. SPEECH

LABORATORY.

SPEECH LABORATORY.

3. Valentines Day. VALENTINES

DAY. VALENTINES

DAY.
4. Watch out. WATCH

OUT!

WATCH OUT!

DICTION- articulation of speech sounds clearly and pronunciation of words correctly

Articulation - forming individual speech sounds correctly with your mouth, so they combine to produce an understandable word

Pronunciation stressing and accenting the right syllables in a word

THE SPEECH MECHANISM

1. RESONATORS - throat, mouth, nose 2. ARTICULATORS tongue, lower lip, jaw 3. POINTS OF ARTICULATION upper lip, teeth ridge, soft palate, hard palate, uvula

SOME BASIC CONCEPTS IN LANGUAGE LEARNING Each language has its own system. English has sounds not found in the Filipinos mother tongue.

Further, the spelling of English words cannot be a guide for the pronunciation of the words.

Filipino learners may have errors through: Substitutions: : paib for five, Englis for English

Omissions : ak for act, ask for asked Intrusions : evening, business

The two steps in learning a language: Recognition of sounds: ear training to be able to distinguish the correct

sound from the incorrect sound (pried pis for fried fish) and to distinguish one sound from another (mom-mum-maam; mop-map, tree-three)

Reproduction Conscious reproductionthrough practice Unconscious reproduction- after the speech habits have been formed.

CRITICAL SOUNDS OF ENGLISH Consonants f - fine sh - English v - love ch - speech j - college

soft th - three hard th - father zh - Asia z - zero,is ttime, looked

Vowels short a - map long a - late short i - sit long i - seat closed o - no, row open o - law, raw o equals a - hot, God

Short u or schwa sound cup, run

In unstressed vowels diction teacher seven -

pronunciation semester even

DRILLS Consonants f - fine, find, four, face, fall, friend, Philippines, effect, perfect, fifty,

difficult, fifteen, define, half, life, proof, off, safe, laugh, tough

v - very, vote, value, vital, visit, vivid, vase, favor, seven, never,

over, river, advice, convince, love, live, give, serve, drive, believe, receive

sh - she, shall, share, show, sharp, champagne, sure, fashion, cushion, election, vacation,

delicious, conscious, English, Spanish, brush, dish, fish, crush, crash

ch - chair, chapter, chief, channel, challenge, champion, teacher, preacher, virtue,

creature, actual, feature, speech, teach, March, much, rich, reach, such

j - job, join, joke, June, gentle, genius, general, jewel, enjoy, magic, subject, angel,

major, individual, large, image, edge, pledge, college, change, verge

soft th - three, thirsty, think, thank, thing, Thursday, theme, nothing, birthday, mathematics,

method, author, athlete, bath, south, youth, mouth, teeth, month, strength

hard th - this, then, therefore, thus, they, though, the, their, these, father, mother,

rather, other, either, further, brother, with, breathe, loathe, clothe, bathe, soothe

z - zero, zebra, zoo, zipper, zap, zeal, zealot, zinc, freeze, breeze, blaze, analyze,

criticize, verbalize, heroism, journalism, plagiarism, egoism, lionize

(s endings) -boys, girls, schools, does, is, please, because, wise, choose, lose, use, abuse, propose

zh - pleasure, measure, treasure, vision, usual, leisure, seizure, Asia, corsage, garage, prestige, massages

t - time, today, tomorrow, talk, teach, test, tonight, ten, act, subject, perfect, correct, absent,

distract, rent, dropped, talked, stopped, liked, worked, packed, finished

VOWELS Short a - Maam, map, man, cap, blank, fact, add, subtract, bad, sad, land, cash, lamp, lack, math, pass,

last, fast, ask, answer, thank, that, lab, land, crash, track, catch, grammar, gather, lack, transfer, faculty, land, exam,

example, actually, finance, balance, absent, practice, personality, canteen, married, guarantee, satisfies, sandwich, salad, practical,

anchor, language, Spanish, program, channel, Saturday, anthem, graduate, preliminary, applicant, parents, talent,

accident, character, personality, capital, matter, happen, master, manager, standard, value, analyze, analysis, national

Mum- mom- maam Hut-hot-hat Cup-cop-cap Luck-lock-lack

Stuck-stock-stack Suck-sock-sack Mud-mod-mad Stump-stomp-stamp

rung-rang sung-sang drunk-drank drug-drag

fun-fan pot-pat rock-rack coughcalf

begun-began flush-flash bug-bag block-black

lust-last pus-pass ton-tan adoptadapt

Long i - seat, bee, see, speak, read, teach, eat, leave, she, each, even, fever, believe, receive, meet, leap,

teeth, breathe, deal, free, cheese, easy, field, please, repeat, least, feel

Short i - in, this, it, fill, fit, ship, live, sit, slip, chip, lady, baby, ready, Miss, mister, women, many, critic, captain, mountain, fountain,

certain, curtain, language, village, advantage, sausage, college, knowledge, senate, climate, graduate, immediate

live-leave still-steal itch-each fit-feet sick-seek

hill-heal sit-seat grin-green hit-heat

Bit-beat pitch-peach hill-heel Fill-feel bitch-beach ship-sheep

Closed o - no, so, also, zero, radio, video, stereo, colon, motto, potato, though,

solo, vocal, local, going, know, show, slow, grow, tallow,

follow, tomorrow, only, omit, over, open, okay, old, cold,

bold, told, notice, vocabulary, October, November, moment

Open o - law, saw, lawn, pawn, slaw, thaw, dawn, awesome, daughter, author, audit,

taut, laudable, bought, taught, water, warm, warning, war, bald, broad

Letter o - [a] hot, God, mop, office, Orator, progress, object, opposite, body, operator, comment,

Congress, contest, bottom, color, common, logic, sorry, apologize, dollar,

foreign, commandant, sponsor, philosophy, sociology, biology,

economics, doctor, orange, scholar, comfort, October, comma, double

schwa - the neutral sound in unstressed vowels father, mother, preacher, mentor, color, favor, mental,

final, motor, little, vehicle, title, example, contribute, distribute,

picture, lecture, tenure, doctor, professor, similar, registrar, moment, judgment, assignment, seven, chicken, eleven, even, wanted, rented

WORDS OFTEN MISPRONOUNCED 1. a piece of paper, a sheet of paper, pad paper, coupon bond, rubber band, fax, people, our, hour

2. [] centennial, millennium, decade, prevalent, scarce, sever, diabetic, depreciate, prayer

3. [] culture, fundamental, ultimate, multi-lingual, country, southern, journalism, journey

4. poem, renege, nuisance, unravel, awry, privy, president, precedent (n), precedent (adj) 5. [ j ] education, graduate, gradual, soldier

6. [ d ] radio, audio, video, studio, audience, dual, duty, due, duet, dew

7. [gz] exam, example, exact, exist, exotic, exhort

8. contrasting pairs: [ s ] and [ z ] ice-eyes precedent-president house (n)-house (v) face-phase

price-prize use (n) - use (v) rice-rise place-plays advice - advise

peace-piece loose-lose lice-lies lacy-lazy gross-grows cease-sees-seize

DIPHTHONGS [aI] life, time, night, right, bright, why, icon, wise, file, Im, Ive, Ill, cry, try, apply, feisty, heist

[au] how, now, brown, cow, out, our, hour, oust, town, towel, powder, loud, proud, abound

[I] boy, toy, joy, oil, boil, toil, poise, coin, join, joint, voice, noisy, soy, point, anoint

[eI] day, play, pray, prey, eight, ate, late, mate, train, brain, stain, stale, stage, raid, maid, aim, ache, April, angel, lady,

away, sale, bake, matinee, sachet, gauge, amoral, apolitical, latent, heinous, remain, abstain, retain, Amen

SENTENCE DRILLS

Read each sentence.

1.The bandage was wound around the wound.

2. The dump was so full that it had to refuse more refuse.

3. He could lead if he would get the lead out.

4. The soldier decided to desert his dessert in the desert.

5. The insurance was invalid for the invalid.

6. After a number of injections, my jaw got number.

7. Upon seeing the tear in the painting, I shed a tear.

8. The wind was so strong to wind the sail.

RHYTHM OF ENGLISH Word Stress- The stressed syllable is given: more force, higher pitch, and larger duration Example: teacher, comfortable, testimony

 A long word frequently has two stressed syllables, a primary accent and a secondary accent. Example: E-du-CA-tion

Generally, unstressed vowels are obscured or deemphasized and given the sound of schwa or [I] Example: people, motor, seven, language

Prefixes of negation should be stressed: Example: uneven, incoherent, disadvantaged

Commonly Mispronounced Words:

1.professor 2.semester 3.committee 4.honorable 5.distinguished

6. eligible 7. ceremony 8. circumstances 9. contribute 10. accuracy

11. amicable 12. negotiate 13. talented 14. orator 15. condolence

16. interpret 17. appreciate 18. controversy 19. testimony 20.percentage

21. pronunciation 22. education 23. preliminary 24. subsidiary 25. manual

26. actually 27. communication 28. clarification 29. anniversary 30. differentiate

Sentence Stress- content words, or words that have meaning in themselves are stressed. These are nouns, verbs (except linking and auxiliary verbs), adjectives and adverbs.

Two others are given stress: demonstratives (this, that) and interrogatives (Who, What, Why, etc.).

Function words, like articles, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, and linking and helping verbs are not stressed.

Phrasing and Pausing

Normally, all but the shortest sentences are divided into two or more parts or thought groups.

Generally pauses are made after a group of words which has an idea, such as phrase or clause. Example: Phrasing/ depends upon the meaning/ of what you say./

Pausing is necessary in a sentence for the following reasons:

To separate ideas and

set them apart as units of thought to make the meaning clear.

Example: He rose awkwardly/ looked about nervously/clutched his throat/ shifted his weight once or twice/ and finally began to speak.

 To point out an important idea to be expressed.

Example: The most dangerous force operating today is/ apathy of the people.

 To enable the speaker to catch his breath in a long sentence To allow the speaker some time to organize his thoughts To allow the audience to digest the words previously said

 To serve as verbal punctuation marks in a sentence, especially when there are commas, colons, semi-colons in the printed page To signal change of ideas or change of mood

SENTENCES 1.Ask not what your country can do for you: ask what you can do for your country.

2. I have a dream today. I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal.

Blending- an uninterrupted flow of breath within the thought group / lamateacher/ from the school of education/.

Liaising vowel-vowel

Rule: glide between 2 vowel sounds

Go away [go(w)away] The others [the(y)others]

Liaising T + Y = CH

Spelling/ Pronunciation Whats your name? [Whacher name?] Cant you do it? [Canchoo do it?]

Dont you like it? [Donchoo like it?]

Actually [Achully]

Liaising consonant-consonant Rule: connect ccs in similar posts I just didnt get the chance [I jussdidnt ge(t)thechance]

Ive been late twice. [ivebin la(t)twice]

Liaising D + Y = J

Spelling Pronunciation What did you do? [Whajoo do?] Would you help me? [Wjoo helpme?]

Did you like it? [Didja like it?]

Graduation [graju(w)ation]

Liaising Z + Y = ZH

Spelling Pronunciation Hows your family? [howzher famly?] Whos your friend? [hoozhier friend?]

casual [kazhyoowl] usual [yuzhoowl]

Liaising consonant-vowel Rule: glide consonant to vowel sounds

Shut up Work out Look out Lay off Shame on you

Intonation- is the tune of what we say Id like: an apple a car to hear his answer to go home now Would you like to