Motivation and Emotion

Chapter 11 Clips: Reviving Ophelia: Saving the selves of adolescent girls

What is motivation?
Factors that influence behavior in terms of
Initiation want to start doing something Direction where you want to go Intensity how hard are you going to work? Persistence do you give up easily?

Theories of motivation: Instinct theory

Evolutionary approach: instinctive motivation to spread our genes Example: Sex differences in Engage choice of in sex marriage partner early in rship
Male Want someone young and healthy

Female Want someone with more money

Prefers a time of courtshi p

Drive reduction theory

What drives you? = what motivates you? First we are in balance (homeostasis) Then, the body becomes imbalanced because lack something (food) Then, we have a need (hungry) We do something to satisfy the need (eat) Finally, our body goes back to homeostasis (ok again)

Optimal arousal theory

But not everything is determined by drive. For example, curiosity. We DONT need to satisfy our curiosity We DONT die from not satisfying our curiosity Right? Some people need more activity high arousal Some people need less activity low arousal For everyone, there is an arousal level that we like that is our BEST / optimal arousal level. We are motivated to maintain this level of arousal

Incentive theory
No money No talk.

We are motivated by external rewards Hungry food Want to get rich buy lottery ticket

Hunger and eating

Signals from the stomach Signals from the blood

Hunger and Eating

There are cells that store (simpan) fat in our body. When there is enough fat, they produce a hormone to tell the brain: Stop eating! That hormone is called Leptin Some people (and rats) dont have the hormone Leptin. As a result

Did you know?

If got someone around, we will eat more 60 70%? The more variety, the more we eat? If the place is associated with eating, we will eat?
Eg: In front of TV, MUST eat something

Eating disorders
Obesity Anorexia Nervosa Bulimia Nervosa

Obesity

BMI greater than 30 32% of adults in US are obese Biological factors

Psychological factors

genes that make leptin brain slower to read signals for feeling full Parents overeat, no control on their children to overeat eat more under stress

Anorexia

weight 85% below that of normal females

Obsessed with food, but dont eat + excessive exercise life-threatening Psychological factors:
self-punishing attitude, perfectionistic personality, culturally reinforced obsession with thinness and attractiveness.

4 30% die of starvation, suicide, biochemical imbalances What do you do when you see an anorexic? Send to hospital first

Bulimia
eat massive amounts of food, then vomit or use laxatives.
1 3% of adolescent and collegeage women A way to regulate stress.

Who is a famous person with bulimia nervosa?

Sexual behavior: what is the norm?

Laumann et al., 1994
Frequency once a week with someone in a stable relationship Average male: 6 sexual partners in lifetime; average female: 2 Satisfaction: people in committed, onepartner relationship most satisfied. Men > women to want sex; women > men think of sex in a committed relationship

Some biological facts

Sex hormones estrogens, progestins, androgens (testosterone) Sexually dimorphic area in hypothalamus area which is different for a man and a woman. BnST smaller in women and transgendered persons than in men. Chemical castration for sex offenders you have less desire for sex, but you still have physical response to sexual stimuli.

Sexual orientation
Heterosexual Homosexual
Laumans study 1.4% women lesbian 2.8% men gay Weakness: participants have to write down their name: not an anonymous survey.

Bisexual

Are people born gay?

There is no scientific proof that people are born gay. However, there is a biological tendency where an individual has a vulnerability to develop a gay orientation.

Lets talk about achievement

Characteristics of people with high need for achievement
Set challenging, but realistic goals Interested in work, actively seek success Take risks when necessary Intensely satisfied when they succeed Are not too upset if theyve tried their best

Tell a story based on this picture

what has led up to the event shown what is happening at the moment what the characters are feeling and thinking, and what the outcome of the story was.

McClelland, 1958
Childrens ring toss game
Children given a test to see measure need for achievement After that, children asked to participate in ring toss game. Children who have low motivation stand too near (no challenge) or too far (impossible to achieve) Children who have high motivation stand not too near so that there is no challenge, and not too far so that its impossible
Setting reasonable goals.

How can parents encourage children?

encourage child to try diff tasks give praise or other rewards encourage child to find a way to succeed, not just complain about their failure prompt child to go on next level of challenge

How do you set goals?

Question 1: How realistic and difficult are your goals?

Question 2: Who set the goal?

Goals that are realistic - > difficult > motivation to achieve Goals that are too difficult no motivation Goals that are set by someone else not work very hard Goals that are your own you know why you want it Goal is clear you know what you have to do, when you have achieved it, focus attention on it Goal is not clear easily distracted, just wishful thinking?

Question 3: How clear are your goals?

What brings job satisfaction?

Can give opinion in how the work is to be done given problems to solve, without being told how to solve them given individual responsibility given public recognition

What determines how happy you are?

1. 2. 3.

If only I have more money usually men If only I am prettier usually women If only I am more intelligent usually children
In reality, Close relationships Religious faith Resources necessary to allow progress to other goals Deficiency orientation wanting other things rather than appreciating what they already have

Emotion: subjective characteristics

Emotion is temporary; moods last longer Emotion can be positive or negative Emotional experience can change the way you think Emotional experience triggers action tendency, the motivation to behave in certain ways. Emotions are passions that you have, whether you want it or not. However, we can control our emotion by interpreting it differently.

Emotion: Objective characteristics

Bodily responses

Limbic system amygdala is important for emotion Autonomic nervous system sympathetic and parasympathetic

Expressive displays

One day, you are walking in the jungle

Suddenly, you see a bear you run the bear gallops

Theories of emotion
Jamess Peripheral Theory
Do you run because you are afraid, or are you afraid because you run? Jamess Peripheral Theory says that you are afraid because you run! You interpret how you are feeling according to how you behave

 Cannons Central Theory

You feel fear even before you start to run. Emotional experience starts in the brain in the thalamus

 Cognitive Theories
How we feel is influenced by how we interpret a situation. Attribution identify cause of an event.