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BITUMINOUS LAYERS

Properties of Bitumen

Introduction
Aggregate
(Natural)

: Ignious Charnite, Oranite


: Metamorphic : Sedimental - Sihist, Gneas Dindigul, Ramnad, etc. - Laterite, Lime stone, Kenkar, Koral stone

(Artificial)
Binders

: Blast Furnace Slag, Synopal, Broken Cube, Brick Jelly


:
TAR Destructive distillation Dehydrated Coal Tar Light Oil Carbolic Oil Napthelene Oil Wash Oil Anthralene Oil Pitch

BITUMEN Process: Fractional distillation In the order of decreasing volatility Gasoline Kerosene Diesel Light Lube Oil Heavy Lube Oil Bitumen

Introduction
BITUMEN : Is the by product of the distillation or evaporation of CRUDE PETROLEUM either by natural process or in a refinery and is the basic constituent of asphalt. (British Name) Fractional distillation

ASPHALT

: A mixture of bitumen and mineral matter which may occur in natural deposits or be produced by artificial means. (American Name)
: Is the by product in the manufacture of gas from coal. Resulting initially from the destructive distillation of COAL which has been so refined as to be suitable for road work. Has some volatile oils which evaporate by exposure, leaving the tar brittle and friable. That is why overheating of tar is prohibited.

TAR

Grades of Bitumen
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 10/20 S15 (Grade based on Penetration value) for Mastic Asphalt 30/40 S35 (Grade based on Penetration value) 60/70 S65 (Grade based on Penetration value) 80/100 S90 (Grade based on Penetration value) Modified Bitumen CRMB 50, CRMB55, CRMB 60 (Grade based on Softening Point)
(Crump Rubber Modified Bitumen)

Physical Constituents of Bitumen:

1)
2) 3)

Asphaltic (Solid state)


Maltene (Semi solid state) Volatile oil (Liquid state)

Properties of Bitumen
Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Properties IS: 73 1992 Penetration at 25C, 1/10mm Softening point, C Specific gravity at 27C, min Flash point, C, min Water, percent by mass, max Viscosity at 60C, poises Ductility at 27C, cm, min Grade of Bitumen S 35 30-40 50-65 0.99 175 0.2 2500500 50 S 65 60-70 40-55 0.99 175 0.2 75 S 90 80-100 35-50 0.99 175 0.2 75

1000200 500100

Other grades of bitumen are S15, S45, S55, S200


Here S refers to Paving Bitumen Type 1, which has low wax content. Similarly Paving Bitumen Type 2 are A35, A55, A65 & A90 where A refers to Paving Bitumen having high wax content.

Tests on bitumen and aggregate

Properties of Modified Bitumen (CRMB)


Table 5 of IRC: SP 53-2002 CRMB Designation Penetration at 25C, 0.1mm, 100g, 5 Sec. Softening Point, C (R&B), Minimum Elastic Recovery of Half Thread in Ductilometer at 15C, %, Minimum Flash Point, COC, C, Min. Separation, Diffrence in Softening Point, R&B, C, Maximum To be Supplied hot at 125C - 175C in insulated tankers with suitable agitating devices or in packed drums, bags or boxes. Grade and Requirements CRMB 50 < 70 50 50 220 CRMB 55 < 60 55 50 220 CRMB 60 < 50 60 50 220 Method of Test IS: 1203 - 1978 IS: 1205 - 1978 Appendix 1 of
IRC: SP 53-2002

IS: 1206 1978 Appendix 2 of


IRC: SP 53-2002

Thin FilmOven Test (TFOT) on Residue (IS: 9382 - 1992) Penetration at 25C, 0.1mm, 100g, 5 Sec., Minimum % of Original Increase in Softening Point, C (R&B), Minimum Elastic Recovery of Half Thread in Ductilometer at 25C, %, Minimum 60 60 60 IS: 1203 1978

7
35

6
35

5
35

IS: 1205 1978


Appendix - 1 of
IRC: SP 53-2002

Effect of Temperature
Table: 500-5 of MoRT&H
Manufacturing and Rolling Temperatures

Bitumen Bitumen Mixing Aggregate Mixing Mixed Material Rolling (C) Penetration (C) (C) (C)

Laying (C)

35 65 90

160 - 170 150 - 165 140 - 160

160 - 175 150 - 170 140 - 165

170 Maximum 100 Minimum 130 Minimum 165 Maximum 90 Minimum 155 Maximum 80 Minimum 125 Minimum 115 Minimum

* The difference in temperature between the binder and aggregate should at no time exceed 14C. Laying of bituminous mixtures shall not be carried out when the air temperature at the surface on which it is to be laid is below 10C or when the wind speed at any temperature exceeds 40 km/h at 2m height unless specifically approved by the Engineer. Overlapping on successive passes by at least one-third of the width of the rear roll or in the case of a pneumatic-tyred roller, at least the nominal width of 300mm. Initial rolling shall be done with 8-10 tonnes dead weight smooth-wheeled rollers. Intermediate rolling shall be done with 8-10 tonnes dead weight or vibratory roller or with a pneumatic tyred roller of 12 to 15 tonnes weight having nine wheels, with a tyre pressure of at least 5.6 kg/sqcm. The finish rolling shall be done with 6-8 tonnes smooth wheeled tandem rollers. Moving speed shall be not more than 5 km per hour.

Range of Viscosity and Temperature - CRMB


BROAD RANGE OF VISCOSITY AND TEMPERATURE REQUIREMENTS FOR MODIFIED BINDERS AS PER IRC: SP 53-2002 Stage of work Binder at mixing Mix at mixing plant Mix at laying site Rolling at laying site Viscosity Maximum 2 poises Maximum 4 poises Maximum 5 poises 10 - 1000 poises Temperature C 165 to 185 140 to 160 130 to 150 115 to 135

Types of bituminous material


EMULSION
217-1978)

: A freely flowing liquid at ordinary temperature in (IS: which a substantial amount of bitumen is suspended in a solution of water. 50-65% bitumen and 35-50% water. 3 grades Rapid Setting, MS & SS.

When applied the water soaks in or evaporates allowing the bitumen particles to reunite and lie on the surface. CUT BACK : A solution of bitumen in a volatile or partly volatile 8887-1978) solvent such as petrol (Gasoline), kerosene or creosote & diesel. 80% bitumen and 20% solvent. 3 types - Rapid Curing, MC & SC.

(IS:

Types of Emulsion and Cutback


EMULSION:
Rapid Setting-1 RS-1 Rapid Setting-2 RS-2 Medium Setting MS Slow Setting-1 Slow Setting-2 SS-1 SS-2

CUTBACK
Rapid Curing Slow Curing RC 70, RC 250, RC 800 & RC 30000 SC 70, SC 250, SC 800 & SC 3000 Medium Curing MC 30, MC 70, MC 250, MC 800 & MC 3000

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Viscosity requirement and Quantity of Liquid Bituminous Primer


Type of surface Kinematic Viscosity of Primer at 60C (Centistokes) 30-60 70-140 250-500 Quantity of Liquid Bituminous Material per 10 Sq.m. (kg.) 6 to 9 9 to 12 12 to 15

Low porosity Medium porosity High porosity

Rate of application of Tack Coat


Type of surface Normal bituminous surface Dry and hungry bituminous surface Granular surfaces treated with primer Quantity of Liquid Bituminous Material in Kg. per sq.m. area 0.20 to 0.25 0.25 to 0.30 0.25 to 0.30

Non bituminous surfaces


a) Granular base (not primed) b) Cement concrete pavement
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0.35 to 0.40 0.30 to 0.35

SELECTION OF GRADE OF BITUMEN


Climate Traffic(CVD) Bituminous Course Grade of Bitumen

Hot Moderate Cold


Any Hot/Moderate Cold Hot/Moderate Cold

Any Any Heavy Loads, Expressways, Urban roads


Any Any Any Any

BM,BPM,BUSG BM,BPM,BUSG

60/70 80/100 60/70

DBM,SDBC,BC PC PC Mastic Asphalt Mastic Asphalt 50/60 or 60/70 80/100 15+_5 30/40

FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT UNDER DIFFERENT SITUATIONs


Sl.NO Type of Type of Base Bituminous /Binder course wearing course Annual Rainfall 20mm PC with L&M Sand seal coat WBM/WMM/BU 20mm PCSC L,M and H SG MSS 20mm Type L,M and H A or B SDBC 25mm 2 BM PCSC 20mm MSS 20mm Type A or B BC 25mm 3 DBM BC 40mm BC 50mm L,M & H <10 Design Traffic(msa) < 10 <10 <10

L,M&H L,M and H L,M and H

>5<10 >=10 >=100

Bituminous Surfacing
Either wearing course / Binder course with wearing course Wearing courses are surface dressing , PCSC, MSS, SDBC and BC Binder courses are BM & DBM BM may be designed to carry traffic <5 msa DBM is recommended for traffic more than 5 msa 10 mm BM is equivalent to 7mm DBM

Grade of bitumen will be selected based on traffic, rainfall and other environmental condition.
Mastic asphalt may be used at bus-stops and intersections. For PCSC up to 25mm, thick of surfacing should not be counted towards the total thickness of pavement(purely for wearing and will not add to structural capacity)

DBM shall be in two layers when thickness is more than 100mm.


Wearing course amenable to laying with paver-finisher should be adopted over paverfinished base binder course. BC should not be laid directly over manually laid GB.

General Discussion
PAVEMENTS
1. FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT (IRC: 37 2001) 2. RIGID PAVEMENT (IRC: 58 2002)

DESIGN LIFE OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS :


15 Years ( NH and SH) and 20 Years ( Express Way); 10 to 15 Years (For Other categories)

IS - Indian Standards BS - British Standards ASTM - American Society for Testing and Materials AASTHO - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
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PART B (Bituminous Layers)


ALLOWABLE LIMITS AS PER MORTH S.No Type of Test Quality of Binder ( Penetration/Viscocity, Ductility/Softening point) Temperature of binder Aggregate Impact Value Flakiness index & Elongation index Stripping of Aggregate PC with SC BM DBM SDBC BC FREQUENCY AS PER MORTH Test Method Frequency

IS : 73

IS : 73

IS : 73

IS : 73

IS : 73

IS : 1203, IS: 1205, IS: Two Tests Per Lot 1206 & IS: 1208 Take 500-5 MORTH (Rev-4) IS: 2386(Part-4) IS: 2386(Part-1) At regular close intervals One test per 50m of aggregate One test per 50m of aggregate One set of 3 specimens for each source of supply. One set of 3 specimens for each source of supply.

2 3 4

150 - 165 Max 30 % __

150 - 165 Max 30 % Max 30

150 - 165 Max 27 % Max 30

150 - 165 Max 27 % Max 30

150 - 165 Max 24% Max 30

Minimum Retained Coating 95 %

IS: 6241

Water Absorption

Max 1%

Max 2%

Max 2%

Max 2%

Max 2%

IS: 2386(Part-3)

Grading of Aggregate

Table 500-23 MORTH

Table 500 -4 Table 500-10 MORTH MORTH

Table 500-15 MORTH

Table 50018 MORTH

IS: 2720(Part-4)

Two tests per day per plant both on the individual Constituents and mixed aggregates from the dryer.
One test per 25m of aggregates (for PCSC)

Binder Content

4.32 %

(50-75mm) 3.3-3.5% (80-100) 3.1-3.4%

(50-75mm) Min4.5% (80-100) Min4%

(50-75mm) Min5% (80-100) Min4.5%

(50-75mm) 5-7% (80-100) 5-6%

MORTH (Rev-4)

Minimum Two tests per day.

Density of Compacted layer

Density of Compacted layer

One test per 250m of area.

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